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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS, 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

s  CHAMPAIGN,  FEBRUARY,  1890. 


BULLETIN  NO.  8. 


FIELD  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  CORN,  1889. 

Experiment  No,  I.     Corn,  Testing  of  Varieties. 

The  tests  of  dent  corn  here  reported  are  a  repetition,  with  certain 
variations,  of  tests  made  in  1887  and  1888.  In  1887,  25  plats  were 
planted;  in  1888,  176.  A  large  number  of  the  varieties  planted  in  1888 
were  not  planted  this  year  —  mostly  those  which  did  not  promise  any 
special  merit.  Besides  certain  varieties  planted  in  1887  and  1888,  tests 
were  made  of  varieties  offered  for  sale  by  the  leading  seedsmen  of  the 
United  States. 

For  a  report  of  the  tests  made  in  1888,  and  for  many  details  of  the 
methods  employed,  the  reader  is  referred  to  bulletin  No.  4. 

The  land  used  this  season  was  tracts  (a)  and  (b}  of  that  used  las 
season.  Tract  (a)  was  divided  into  25  plats,  each  2x10  rods;  tract  (/fr) 
into  64  plats,  each  2x2  rods. 

The  land  on  both  tracts  was  fall -plowed  6  to  7  inches  deep  without 
removing  stalks  of  the  previous  season.  Just  before  planting,  the  land  was 
disked  twice,  harrowed  and  planked  once.  The  plats  were  planted  in 
hills  3  ft.  8  in.  apart  each  way,  four  kernels  to  a  hill,  covered  with  one  to. 
two  in.  of  mellow  soil. 

Tract  (0)  was  planted  May  4th;  tract  (^)  May  3d,  except  plat  85 
planted  May  8th,  and  plats  86  and  87  planted  May  nth.  Between  May 
28th  and  July  5th,  tract  (a)  was  cultivated  four  times,  one-half  of  each 
plat  being  cultivated  a  fifth  time;  tract  (<£)  was  cultivated  five  times.  The 
weeds  remaining  in  the  hills  were  removed  from  both  tracts  July  9th  to 
nth.  All  cultivation  was  with  a  shallow  cultivator. 


1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


DISCUSSION  OF  METHODS. 

In  1888  the  space  of  one  row  was  left  about  each  plat.  The  figures 
of  that  season's  work  showed  that  the  yields  per  acre  from  small  plats 
under  those  circumstances  were  somewhat  greater  than  would  be  obtained 
in  field  culture,  and  that  the  smaller  the  plat  the  greater  the  chance  for 
error.  Where  the  plats  were  unequal  in  size,  or  when  on  plats  of  equal 
size  varieties  of  widely  different  habits  of  growth  were  raised,  as  those 
maturing  at  different  dates,  it  was  shown  that  an  appreciable  error  might 
occur.  It  was  shown  that  on  tracts  (a),  (<$),  and  (r)  the  yield  was  increased 
3,  4,  and  5  per  cent.,  respectively,  on  account  of  the  vacant  land  about 
each  plat  from  which  extra  food  was  obtained.  This  season  the  plats 
were  so  planted  that  all  the  land  was  occupied,  an  extra  row  being  planted 
around  the  tracts.  As  the  two  tracts  occupied  five  acres,  the  average  yield 
of  all  the  varieties  is  no  greater  than  that  which  might  be  obtained  in 
ordinary  field  culture. 

DUPLICATE  PLATS. 

It  was  pointed  out  in  bulletin  No.  4  that  it  is  essential  to  know  what 
would  be  the  difference  in  results  between  two  plats  planted  with  the  same 
variety  of  corn  before  we  can  judge  of  the  merits  of  two  varieties  from 
the  results  obtained  under  such  conditions.  It  was  shown  that  there  was 
a  difference  in  1888  of  over  9  bu.  per  acre  between  the  two  plats  of  Learn- 
ing on  tract  (a)  and  of  2%  bu.  on  tract  (^).  The  difference  between  two 
plats  of  Burr's  white  on  tract  («)  was  nearly  6  bu.,  and  on  tract  (Y)  nearly 
7  bu.  per  acre. 

Learning  and  Burr's  white  were  again  selected  for  a  duplicate  test. 
As  in  1888,  the  plats  of  each  tract  were  more  than  usually  uniform  to  all 
appearances,  and  care  was  taken  to  have  the  conditions  as  nearly  alike  as 
possible. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results: 

TABLE  SHOWING  YIELD  PER  ACRE  OF  AIR-DRY  CORN  UPON  DUPLICATE  PLATS. 


Tract  (a). 

Tract  (b). 

Plat. 

Bu.  per  acre. 

Average. 

Plat. 

Bu.  per  acre. 

Average. 

Learning  .. 

(    4 
-'  10 

78.6) 
66  6  V 

74.3 

(26 

•<  48 

86.5! 
84  4  > 

86  8 

Burr's  white.    .  .  . 

(•16 
ji9 

|25 

I 

77  9) 

64  3' 

62  .  8  ( 

63  5 

(53 
J64 
67 

89  6  | 

74-4  I 
101.4} 

87  9 

68.9 

87.3 

With  Learning  the  differences  ran  on  tract  (V)  from  less  than  i  bu.  to 
12  bu.;  on  tract  (^)  from  about  2  to  over  5  bu.  With  Burr's  white  on 
tract  (a)  the  difference  was  i^  bu.,  but  «n  tract  (£)  27  bu.  This  last  is 
unusual,  and  was  due  to  the  number  rather  than  the  size  of  the  ears  pro- 
duced, as  may  be  seen  in  table  4,  page  245.  Differences  of  5  to  10  bu. 


216  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February, 

per  acre  may  arise  from  uncontrollable  variations  in  conditions,  while 
greater  variations  may  occur  from  such  sources. 

In  the  averages  of  the  two  varieties  there  was  a  difference  of  about 
18^4  bu.  in  favor  of  tract  (£);  in  1888  there  was  a  difference  of  6%  bu. 
in  favor  of  the  same  tract.  This  season,  the  corn,  on  tract  (a)  especially, 
came  up  very  slowly  on  account  of  the  unusually  dry  weather  from  April 
ist  to  May  2oth,  but  0.99  of  rain  falling  in  that  time.  Following  this 
were  heavy  rains  and  low  temperature  which  did  further  injury  to  the 
corn.  The  night  of  May  3oth  the  lowest  temperature  was  33°  F.  May 
2ist  to  June  2ist,  11.95  inches  of  rain  fell.  For  further  details  see  table, 
page  219.  These  conditions  seem  to  have  affected  tract  (a)  more  un- 
favorably than  tract  (^).  Doubtless  the  differences  above  given  represent, 
in  a  general  way,  the  productiveness  of  the  two  plats  the  present  season, 
and  should  be  considered  in  comparing  the  merits  of  the  two  varieties 
grown  on  separate  tracts. 

RESULTS.* 

A  summary  of  the  results  obtained  from  the  varieties  on  82  plats  in 

1888  and  in  1889  on  tracts  (a)  and  (£)  is  given  in  an  article  following  this. 
For  1888  the  varieties  were  divided  into  early  maturing,  which  ripened  that 
season  in  125  or  less  days  from  date  of  planting;  medium  maturing,  which 
ripened  in  from  125  to  135  days;  late  maturing,  which  ripened  in  from  135 
to  145  days;  and  non-maturing.     This  season  the  time  of  ripening  for  each 
class  was  prolonged  about  10  days.      The  classes  in  table  5,  page  246, 
were  made  strictly  upon  the  date  of  ripening  for  each  plat;  so  that  in 

1889  the  same  varieties  on  different  tracts  were  sometimes  placed  in  dif- 
ferent classes,  and  a  variety  which  was  put  into  the  early  maturing  class 
in  1888  may  have  been  put  into  the  medium  maturing  class  in  1889. 

The  vitality  of  the  seed  was  good  in  the  maturing  varieties.  It  was 
rather  better  in  the  medium  maturing  than  in  either  the  early  or  late  matur- 
ing varieties.  The  percentage  of  kernels  producing  plants  in  two  weeks  in 
1888  and  in  three  weeks  in  1889  was  largest  in  the  early  maturing,  and 
became  constantly  less  the  later  the  corn  was  in  maturing.  In  general  the 
same  was  true  of  the  stand  at  maturity. 

For  the  purpose  of  comparison,  four  stalks  to  the  hill,  the  number  of 
kernels  planted,  is  considered  a  full  stand.  The  average  in  each  division 
was  about  J^  of  a  full  stand  in  1888,  and,  suckers  included,  rather  less 
than  .8  in  1889.  In  giving  yields  no  correction  has  been  made  for  dif- 
ferences in  stand;  for  there  is  no  constant  relation  between  the  number 
of  stalks  per  acre  and  the  yield. 

For  four  years  past  the  per  cent,  of  barren  stalks  has  been  deter- 
mined in  a  varying  number  of  varieties.  In  1886,  in  seven  varieties,  the 
average  was  14  per  cent.,  the  greatest  25,  the  least,  6;  in  1887,  the  average 
was  35;  the  largest  63,  the  least  22;  in  1888,  the  average  with  the  varieties 
of  82  plats  was  10;  the  largest  28;  several  varieties  had  no  barren  stalks; 

"In  the  tables,  pages  238-246,  are  given  in  detail  the  results  obtained  from  the  varieties  tested. 


1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN',   1889.  21  7 

in  1889,  the  average  was  less  than  2;  the  largest  9,  while  37  plats  had  no 
barren  stalks,  or  practically  none.  The  experiments  point  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  barrenness  is  to  a  very  slight  extent,  if  at  all,  an  hereditary 
characteristic  of  any  variety.  It  seems  rather  to  be  largely,  if  not  en- 
tirely, the  result  of  the  conditions  under  which  the  corn  is  grown  from 
season  to  season.  Two  causes  have  been  observed  which  it  is  believed 
affect  the  result;  (i)  a  season  which  is  not  favorable  to  the  production 
of  corn,  as  in  1887;  and  (2)  a  season  which  is  favorable  to  the  produc- 
tion of  corn  and  also  to  suckers,  as  in  1888.  In  Experiment  No.  5, 
Thickness  of  Planting,  it  was  found  that  more  suckers  were  produced  in 
1888  than  in  1889.  The  general  tendency,  probably,  would  be  for  suck- 
ers to  be  barren.  If  this  reasoning  is  correct,  more  barrenness  may  be 
expected  in  a  poor  or  in  an  exceptionally  good  season.  The  results  so 
far  obtained  do  not  indicate  that  the  selection  of  varieties  with  regard  to 
the  lack  of  this  characteristic  will  be  of  great  practical  benefit. 

There  was  considerable  difference  in  the  height  of  stalks  between  the 
seasons  of  1888  and  1889.  The  average  height  on  82  plats  in  1888  was 
1 1. 2  ft.;  in  1889,  9.7  ft.  Similar  differences  were  observed  in  the  height 
of  the  ears  on  the  stalk.  There  was  more  difference  this  year  in  the 
height  of  stalks  ripening  at  the  different  dates  than  there  was  last. 

Both  the  size  and  weight  of  the  ear  increased  from  the  early  to  the 
late  maturing  varieties.  Both  seasons,  while  the  length  of  the  ears  in  the 
non-maturing  was  greater  than  in  the  late  maturing,  neither  the  diameter 
of  the  ear  nor  of  the  cob  was  so  large.  The  average  weight,  as  husked, 
however,  was  larger,  markedly  so  in  1889. 

In  1888,  the  average  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when 
husked  was,  in  the  early  maturing  varieties,  approximately,  18  per  cent.; 
medium  maturing,  22;  late  maturing,  27;  non-maturing,  36.  In  1889  the 
average  per  cent,  was  17,  24,  29,  and  38,  respectively.  The  increase  in 
the  per  cent,  of  water  with  the  later  maturing  is  very  marked.  The 
difference  in  the  loss  of  weight  is  more  than  is  usually  recognized.  For 
purposes  of  comparison  corn  containing  n  per  cent,  of  water  is  con- 
sidered air-dry,  for  reasons  given  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  44.  On  this  basis 
the  average  loss  in  weight  of  shelled  corn  per  acre  by  drying  would  be,  in 
the  early  maturing,  5  bu.;  in  the  medium  maturing,  13  bu.;  in  the  late 
maturing,  18^  bu.  There  was  one  variety.  No  69,  Helms  improved, 
which  was  considered  mature  enough  to  cut,  although  barely  so,  in  which 
the  loss  in  weight  per  acre  on  drying  would  be  equivalent  to  35  bu. 
Taking  an  average  of  the  two  seasons,  the  loss  in  weight  of  the  shelled 
corn  from  the  time  the  crop  was  gathered  until  it  became  thoroughly  air- 
dry  would  be,  in  1,000  bu.  of  the  early  maturing  varieties,  75  bu.;  in  the 
medium  maturing,  130;  and  in  the  late  maturing,  190. 

To  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn — that  is,  shelled  corn 
containing  n  per  cent,  of  water  —  it  took,  when  the  corn  was  husked, 
October  2oth  to  November  i3th,  72  Ib.  of  ear  corn  in  the  early  matur- 
ing, 80  Ib.  in  the  medium  maturing,  and  89  in  the  late  maturing.  As 


?i8  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February, 

most  of  the  corn  produced  in  central  Illinois  this  season  was  late,  So  Ib. 
evidently  would  not  have  been  sufficient  to  produce  a  bushel  of  air-dry 
corn.  Much  shrinkage  is  often  caused  by  vermin,  but,  doubtless,  shrink- 
age is  often  charged  to  this  cause  which  in  reality  is  due  to  drying. 

Both  seasons  the  medium  maturing  varieties,  that  is,  those  varieties 
which  were  ripe  ten  days  to  two  weeks  before  frost,  gave  the  largest  yield 
of  air-dry  corn, —  about  4  bushels  per  acre  more  than  the  late  maturing, 
and  17  more  than  the  early  maturing  varieties. 

The  average  yield,  as  husked,  in  1888,  of  the  medium  and  late  matur- 
ing varieties  was  substantially  the  same,  102  bu.,  while  the  yield  of  air-dry 
corn  was  90  and  83  bu.,  respectively.  In  1889  the  average  yield  as  husked,  of 
the  medium  maturing  varieties  was  89  bu.,  and  of  the  late  maturing  92 
bu.  per  acre,  while  of  air-dry  corn  it  was  75  and  73.5  bu.,  respectively. 
These  yields  are  considerably  higher  than  is  usual  with  the  better  class  of 
corn  raisers  and  much  above  the  general  average  for  the  state,  notwith- 
standing some  poor  varieties  are  included.  Neither  the  appearance  of 
the  crop  nor  the  conditions  under  which  it  was  raised  were  such  as  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  obtaining  equal  yields  in  field  culture  in  favor- 
able seasons  on  good  soil  with  no  very  unusual  cultivation. 

While  no  one  of  the  varieties  tested  stands  far  above  the  average  of 
the  better  varieties  of  its  class,  doubiless  a  large  number  of  the  varieties 
are  better  than  the  average  raised  by  the  farmers  of  the  state,  and  might 
be  introduced  on  their  farms  with  profit.  Not  to  exclude  other  meritori- 
ous varieties,  the  following  medium  maturing  dent  varieties  may  be  safely 
recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois:  Yellow — Learning, 
Clark's  Iroquois,  legal  tender,  Riley's  favorite,  Fisk.  White  —  Cham- 
pion white  pearl  or  Burr's  white,  gourd-seed,  Clark's  premium  no-day. 
The  following,  which  are  desirable  early  maturing  varieties  in  this  lati- 
tude, may  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  northern  Illinois: 
Yellow — Murdock,  Edmonds  or  Kane  county  pride,  grange  favorite,  king 
of  the  earliest  (for  very  early).  White  —  Wisconsin  white  dent,  cham- 
pion of  the  north. 

The  following,  which  are  almost  too  late  for  this  latitude,  would 
probably  be  desirable  farther  south:  Yellow  —  Improved  orange  pride, 
Steward's  improved  yellow,  Swengel.  White — Helms  improved,  Parrish. 

RESULTS  FOR  1887,  1888,  AND  1889  COMPARED. 

On  eighteen  plats  of  tract  (rt)  the  same  varieties  of  corn  have  been 
grown  three  years  successively.  Fresh  seed  from  original  sources  was 
obtained  for  each  year's  planting  with  three  exceptions  in  1889,  Nos.  18, 
22,  and  23,  on  which,  owing  to  our  inability  to  get  the  seed  as  in  other 
cases,  seed  grown  by  the  Experiment  Station  in  1888  was  substituted. 

The  average  yield  per  acre  when  the  corn  was  husked  in  1887  was 
32  bu.;  in  1888,  94;  in  1889,  82.  The  yield  of  air  dry  corn  for  the  three 
years  was  29,  83,  and  66  bu.,  respectively.  The  largest  yield  of  air-dry 


1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889. 


219 


corn  in  1887  was  36^  bu.  from  Murdock;  in  1888  and  1889,  from  Learning, 
93  and  79  bu.,  respectively. 

The  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  of  the  18  varieties  in  1887 
was  18.35;  in  1888,  21.39;  m  1889,  28.27.  As  the  corn  was  husked  at 
about  -the  same  time  each  season,  these  figures  give  a  good  idea  of  the 
difference  in  the  maturity  of  the  corn  in  the  respective  seasons. 

THE  SEASONS  COMPARED. 

From  the  results  just  given  it  is  evident  that  for  the  production  of  In- 
dian corn,  the  past  three  seasons  have  been  widely  different;  that  of  1887 
exceptionally  poor;  of  1888,  especially  good;  of  1889,  somewhere  between 
the  extremes  in  yield  but  with  the  crop  very  late  in  maturing.  These  dif- 
ferences in  results  are  chiefly  due  to  differences  in  meteorological  condi- 
tions, and  a  comparison  of  these  conditions  will  be  pertinent. 

The  following  tab'e  gives  some  of  the  meteorological  conditions  dur- 
ing the  corn-growing  season  of  1889,  for  each  week  ending  on  the  dates 
given.  Reference  will  be  made  to  this  table  in  succeeding  experiments- 

TABLE  SHOWING  MKTEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS  APRIL  21— OCTOBER  13,  1889. 


For  week  ending 

Temperature. 

Mean 
humidity. 

i*-J8 

=  P 

l^ 

z  £. 

S 

P 

x_ 

e 
3 

£ 

3' 

B 

a 
B 

* 

n 
p 

3 

a. 

ft  W 

"O     SB 

jr  ri 

W   g 

5'.— 

£-<"> 
•33 

S-3 
w  J 

s'pL 

April  21  

73 
74 
78 

9« 

88  5 

7L 
69 

77 
83 
86 
88 
89 

9°  5 
90 
88 
83 
83 
84 

87 
89 
83 
88 

70 

*3 

74 
82 

33 
28 
28 

47 
46 

35 
33 
45 
46 
48 
5'-5 

gj 

50 

54-5 
54  5 
49  5 
5i 
49  5 
55 
45  5 
55 
•?5 
32 
34 
25 

56  7 
53-2 
50.8 
69.8 
66  4 

55  6 
48.2 
in  9 
65  7 

67    2 

7i  5 
72  9 
75  6 
72.4 
71  8 
68  8 
67.9 

673 
69  i 

73-3 
66 
69 
52  3 

54  9 
58  8 
50  8 

58  4 
59-1 
59-1 
72 
70.1 
62.6 

52  9 
62  i 

67  3 
7i   7 
72 
76.3 
Si  4 

77 
75-5 
74  4 
75  9 
73  4 
72  8 
74.2 
72  9 
77  7 
63  5 
61  5 
58  8 

57  <> 

71.8 

69.2 
61.5 

72  7 
72.1 

79  4 
88 
82  8 

83  9 
81  9 

79  i 
77  3 

82.7 

83 
789 

78    2 

77-8 
82.2 

79  3 
7.  8 

*4  i 

82.5 
78  6 
83.4 
79  7 
68  7 

o  54 

.02 
.OO 
-38 
.OO 
1.24 

39° 
3  47 
84 
2-38 
.00 
.06 

2-34 
.78 
2  66 
.00 
•03 
•57 
.00 
.  10 
i  .20 

.CO 
.00 
I    OO 

.44 
05 

28  

May     S   . 

12    

10 

26  

June    2       .          .... 

o   . 

61 
672 
70  6 
72.6 
77  7 
79-3 
74-5 
74  4 
72  9 
73 
70.  i 

72  7 
74  7 
69  9 
70  6 
58.8 
57-7 
55-J 
53 

,6       

2T,    . 

•10   . 

Tulv     7 

14  

21     

28         

Aug.     4    

II    

18    

25          .      ... 

Sept.    i    

8   

1C 

22     

29     

Oct.     6     

17 

The  following  table  gives  the  two  principal  meteorological  conditions, 
agriculturally  considered,  for  the  years,  1887,  1888,  and    1889.     Unfortu- 


BULLETIN    NO.  8. 


[Ft  bruary, 


nately  a  strict  comparison  can  not  be  made  between  1889  and  the  two  pre- 
ceding years  because  the  figures  for  1889  were  taken  from  the  Station 
record  and  those  for  1887  and  1888  from  the  records  of  the  Illinois 
Weather  Service  for  central  Illinois.  The  Station  record  begins  Septem- 
ber i,  1888,  and  the  Illinois  Weather  Service  was  discontinued  at  the  end 
of  1888. 


TABLE  SHOWING  MEAN  TEMPERATURE  AND  RAINFALL  FOR  1887,  1888, 
TEMPERATURE  FOR  10  YEARS,  1878 — 1887. 


>;  AVERAGE 


Mean  temperature,  F. 

Rainfall,  inches. 

Month. 

1887.* 

1888.  f 

1889  ^ 

Average 
1878-87.* 

1887.* 

1888.  f 

18894 

Average 
1878  87.* 

May  

67.9 
73-6 
80.4 
75-2 
66.4 

59  4 
7i  3 

77 
72.4 
62.4 

59-2 
65-5 
72.7 
69.2 
61.3 

64.6 
71 
77-5 
74-6 
66.5 

3.84 
1  .62 

1-65 
2.56 
3-68 

684 

5-75 
5-34 
3-H 
i  95 

5-52 
6.81 
5.84 
0.60 
2-74 

4-45 
5  °4 
2-75 
3  45 
3-27 

June          

lulv 

August  

September  

72.7 

68.5 

65  .6 

70.8 

13-35 

23.02 

21.5. 

18.96 

*.  Statistical  Report,  Illinois  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  December,  1887. 

f .  Monthly  Weather  Review  of  Illinois  State  Weather  Service,  December,  1888. 

|.  Station  record. 

CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  VARIETIES  OF  DENT  CORN 

TESTED. 

The  classification  here  attempted  is  an  arbitrary  one,  based  upon 
three  obvious  characteristics,  the  date  of  maturity,  the  color  of  the 
kernels,  and  the  relative  roughness  of  the  ears.  It  is  adopted  that  the 
corn  raiser  may  find  all  those  varieties  possessing  any  particular  combi- 
nation of  these  characters  grouped  together.  If  a  medium  maturing  yel- 
low, rough  variety,  or  an  early  maturing,  white,  smooth  variety  is  desired, 
the  varieties  tested  possessing  these  characteristics  will  be  found  grouped 
so  that  the  searcher  may  easily  determine  which  one  of  those  described 
most  nearly  meets  his  wishes. 

The  classification  into  early,  medium,  late,  and  non-maturing  varie- 
ties, is,  of  course,  for  this  latitude.  It  has  been  found  in  practice  that 
what  is  an  early  maturing  variety  here  becomes,  when  planted  in  the  ex- 
treme northern  portion  of  the  state,  a  late  maturing  variety;  and  that 
varieties  which  mature  readily  in  southern  Illinois,  often  will  not  mature 
here.  The  classification  in  regard  to  maturity  which  follows  is  based 
upon  the  judgment  of  two  and  sometimes  three  seasons'  tests,  and  indi- 
cates what  may  be  expected  in  an  average  season. 

In  the  description  and  measurements,  three  specimen  ears  were  used. 
The  best  of  the  type  were  always  sought.  If  large  ears  were  the  special 
characteristic  of  a  variety,  large  ears  were  sought.  If  a  compact,  medium 
sized  ear,  evenly  rounded  at  butt  and  tip,  was  the  type,  ears  possessing 
these  characteristics  were  sought.  The  descriptions  were  made  with  a 


1890]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  221 

view  to  their  usefulness  to  those  wishing  to  determine  the  relative  merits 
of  the  different  varieties.  The  purity,  as  indicated  by  conformity  to  a 
given  type;  the  length  and  diameter  of  the  ear;  the  size  and  color  of  cob; 
the  relative  roughness  of  ear;  its  shape,  cylindrical,  or  more  or  less  taper- 
ing; whether  butt  is  evenly  rounded,  or  compressed  rounded,  that  is,  be- 
coming distinctly  smaller  as  it  rounds  over,  or  not  rounded;  shape  of  tip, 
whether  filled  or  not  filled;  the  difficulty  in  breaking  the  ear  from  the 
stalk,  as  indicated  by  the  size  of  the  ear  stalk;  the  firmness  of  the  kernel 
on  the  ear;  the  shape  of  the  kernel,  whether  wedge-shaped,  rectangular, 
or  polygonal  (five  or  more  sides  in  outline);  size  (it  may  help  the  reader  to 
know  that  an  average  sized  dent  kernel  is  f^-inch  long  and  ^  inch  wide); 
color;  manner  of  denting,  whether  dimple  or  crease,  whether,  in  the  lat- 
ter case,  the  sides  of  the  crease  are  pinched  together,  or  whether  there  is 
more  or  less  of  a  ragged  projection  from  the  chit  side;  the  usual  number 
of  rows,  their  regularity  and  the  quantity  of  space  between  them,  are  all 
of  importance  in  forming  a  judgment  of  a  variety  and  have  received 
attention  in  the  description.  In  addition  some  of  the  principal  field  results 
have  been  given.  For  a  fuller  statement  of  results  see  tables. 

In  the  description,  as  well  as  in  the  classification,  the  results  of  both 
seasons'  work  have  been  considered.  The  field  results  for  1889  only.  For 
those  of  1888,  and  1887,  the  reader  is  referred  to  bulletin  No.  4. 

The  endeavor  has  been  to  bring  together  the  results  of  the  season's 
work  in  such  a  manner  that  each  reader  may  form  his  own  opinion  of 
the  value  of  the  different  varieties  as  indicated  by  this  season's  test.  The 
suggestions  made  as  to  the  relative  merits  are  impresssions  based  upon 
two  or  three  seasons'  tests. 

Specimens  having  like  characteristics,  although  bearing  dissimilar 
names,  have  been  grouped  together.  This  grouping  is  tentative,  and 
changes  may  be  expected  with  succeeding  tests.  No  special  refinement  is 
attemped  in  the  grouping.  It  is  intended  merely  to  aid  the  practical  corn 
raiser  in  selecting  varieties  for  use. 

No  description  is  given  of  the  three  flint  varieties  tested,  which  are 
of  no  general  practical  value  in  this  state.  Of  the  three  varieties,  the  so- 
calkd  self-husking  is  much  the  poorest.  The  habit  of  partially  shedding 
its  husks  is  a  disadvantage,  as  the  ears  often  drop  to  the  ground.  The 
much-advertised  Brazilian  flour  corn,  a  soft  variety,  is  utterly  worth- 
less in  this  latitude,  and  the  characteristics  displayed  in  this  season's  test 
do  not  indicate  that  it  will  be  found  valuable  forgeneral  culture  any  where 
in  the  United  States. 

Early  maturing  varieties  are  described  on  pages  222-225. 

Medium  maturing  varieties,  on  pages  225-231. 

Late  maturing  varieties,  on  pages  231-234. 

Non-maturing  varieties,  on  pages  234-236. 


222  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February, 

EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  yellow— Ears,  smooth. 

No.  13,  Murdoch;  seed  grown  on  University  farm.  No.  14,  Murdoch;  seed  grown 
by  Wm.  T.  Lamb,  Ridott,  Stephenson  Co.,  111.  Synonyms — No.  12,  Prairie  queen; 
seed  grown  by  Nathaniel  Pease,  Quincy,  111.  No.  sg  Queen  of  the  prairie;  seed  from 
Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7^  to  8^  in.  long,  1.75  to  2.1  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
rather  small,  I  to  1.3  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt  and  tip,  evenly 
rounded.  Juncture,  small,  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  thick,  perfectly 
wedge-shaped;  7-16  to  %  in.  long,  %  to  5-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  long 
dimple-dented;  tip  kernels,  not  dented,  Rows,  usually  16  to  18,  regular;  no  space  be- 
tween; often  compacted  like  the  cells  of  honey-comb. 

An  average  of  the  four  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  The  aver- 
age weight  of  100  ears  was  52  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was 
(good  ears,  55;  nubbins,  17)  85  bu.,  with  76  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn, 
62  bu.  There  was  23  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  and  it  required  at  that  time 
80  Ibi  of  ear  corn  to  produce  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

Excellent  as  an  early  variety  for  central  Illinois,  and  for  general  culture  in  northern 
Illinois. 

No.  9,  Golden  rod;  seed  grown  by  E.  Morris,  Decatur,  Van  Buren  Co.,  Mich. 

Type,  moderately  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  9^  in.  long,  2  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
usually  red;  medium,  1.2  to  1.4  in.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  sometimes  swollen, 
tip,  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  %  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped  to  nearly 
rectangular;  7-16  109-16  in.  long,  5-16  to  fa  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  round 
to  long  dimple-dented,  sometimes  crease-dented.  Rows,  14  to  20;  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  7^  ft;  of  ear,  2^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
45  Ib.  The  yield  of  shelled  corn  per  acre,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  38;  nubbins,  29) 

67  bu.,  with  79  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  56  bu.     There  was  25  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  82  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  jo,  North  star;  seed  from  J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  6  to  7^  in.  long,  1.6  to  2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  rather 
small,  I  to  1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt  and  tip  evenly  rounded  and 
filled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped;  7-16  to  l/2  in. 
long,  %  to  5-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below,  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  16 
to  18;  space  between,  slight  or  none, 

The  height  of  stalk  was  8  ft.;  of  ear,  3%  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  43  Ib.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  54;  nubbins,  14)  68  bu.,  with 
93  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn  64  bu.  There  was  16  per  cent  of  water 
in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  70  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a 
bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

A  well-known  and  good  extra  early  variety. 

No.  33,  Wisconsin  yellow  dent;  seed  from  J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  6^  to  7J^  in.  long,  1.9  to  2.1  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium,  i.i  to  1.2  in.  in  diameter  Ears,  smoothish,  tapering;  butt  and  tip,  evenly 
rounded  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  l/2  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  perfectly 
wedge-shaped;  7-16  to  l/2  in.  long,  %  to  5-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below; 
long  dimple-dented,  sometimes  creased  and  slightly  ragged.  Rows,  usually  18;  space 
between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  8  ft.;  of  ear,  3)^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
50  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  57;  nubbins,  II) 

68  bu.,  with  87  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn  60  bu.     There  was  21.5  per 


1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORX,   1889.  223 

cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,   at  that  time,  it  took  77  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

A  good  early  variety,  but  rather  small  for  this  latitude. 

No.  34,  Woodworth's yellow  dent;  seed  from  J.  C.  Vaug'ian,  Chicago. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  9  to  \o)4  in.  long,  2  to  2.15  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  large,  1.3  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  enlarged,  not  well 
rounded;  tip,  blunt,  not  always  rilled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  I  in.  long.  Kernels,  thick, 
rectangular;  corners,  rounding;  %  in.  long,  }/%  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below; 
long  dimple  dented;  tip  kernels,  not  dented.  Rows,  16  to  18;  space  between  rows,  often 
considerable. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  8  ft.;  of  ear,  3^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  57 
Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  70;  nubbins,  15)  85 
bu.,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  76  bu.  There  was  21  per  cent, 
of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  81  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to 
make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

No.  jj",  Minnesota  king;  seed  from  Northrup,  Braslan&  Goodwin  Co.,  Minneapolis. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  8^  in.  long,  1.75  to  2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white,  rel- 
atively large,  I  to  1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  compressed;  tip, 
blunt.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thick,  polygonal,  wider 
than  long;  ^  in.  long,  %  in.  wide;  top,  rou  iding;  light  yellow  above,  orange  below; 
shallow  crease-dented.  Rows,  8  to  10;  space  between,  often  very  large. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  6  ft.;  of  ear,  i^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
38  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  42;  nubbins,  8) 
50  bu.  with  67  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn  46  bu.  There  was  18  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  required  75  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

A  very  early  variety,  but  probable  not  desirable  so  far  south  as  this  state. 

No.  j>9,  Grange  favorite;  seed  grown  by  Swanzey  Bros.,  Ridott,  Stephenson  Co., 
111.  Synonym — No.  jS,  Blakeivay;  seed  grown  by  H.  Blakeway  &  Son,  same  place. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  7  to  9  in.  long,  2  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
rather  large,  1.3  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip 
evenly  rounded,  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped 
to  rectangular;  y2  in.  long,  5  16  to  y%  in.  wide;  dimple-  to  create  dented;  yellow  above, 
orange  below.  Rows,  18  to  22;  space  between,  slight  or  none. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hun- 
dred ears  weighed  69  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears, 
77;  nubbins,  18)  95  bu.,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  81  bu. 
There  was  24  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it 
took  84  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  desirable  in  northern  half  of  stale. 


EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES—  A ernels,  yellow— Ears,  rough. 

No.  I,  Edmonds;  seed  grown  by  H.  P.  Edmonds,  Taylor,  Ogle  Co.,  111.  Synonym 
— No.  27,  Kane  Co.  pride;  seed  grown  by  R.  Shedden,  Pingree  Grove,  Kane  Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7  to  8  in.  long,  2  to  2. 2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  medium, 
I  to  1.3  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  very  rough,  almost  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip,  well  rounded 
and  filled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  f£  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  narrowly  wedge  shaped; 
9  16  to  11-16  in.  long,  j^  to  5-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease  dented, 
pinched  and  ragged.  Rows,  16  to  24;  space  between  slight. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  8^  ft. ;  of  ear,  3%  ft.  One  hun- 
•dred  ears  weighed  57  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears, 


224  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  \_February, 

60;  nubbins,  24)  84  bu.,  with  79  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  72  bu. 
There  was  23  per  cent,  of  water  in  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took 
7?  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  to  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  northern,  and  as  an  early 
variety  for  central  Illinois.  Some  will  consider  its  roughness  objectionable. 

No.  28,  King  of  the  earliest;  seed  grown  by  A.  L.  Goddard,  W.iucomi,  la. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7  to  7^  in.  long,  1.9  to  2.1  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  small, 
.910  i.i  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering  rather  strongly;  butt,  rounded;  tip, 
rather  pointed,  not  always  filled.  Juncture,  very  small,  y%  to  yz  in.  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, wedge-shaped;  $  in.  long,  5-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease-dented, 
ragged.  Rows,  14  to  20;  space  between,  slight. 

The  height  of  stalk  was  6^  ft. ;  of  ear,  2^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  37  Ib.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  41;  nubbins,  19)  60  bu.,  with 
91  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  57  bu.  There  was  16  per  cent,  of  water 
in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and  at  that  time,  it  took  67  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a 
bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn.  There  was  less  of  cob  to  corn  in  this  variety  than  in 
any  other  tested. 

To  be  recommended  as  an  early  variety  in  the  extreme  northern  portion  of  the  state. 

No.  jf,  Pride  of  the  north;  seed  from  G.  S.  Haskell,  Rockford,  111.  No.  32,  Pride 
of  the  north;,  seed  from  W.  W.  Barnard  &  Co  ,  Chicago. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  6^  to  8  in.  long,  2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  small,  I  in. 
in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt  and  tip,  rounded  and  filled.  Juncture,  small, 
^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  broadly  wedge-shaped;  corners,  slightly  rounded;  ^  in. 
long,  ^i  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease-dented,  pinched.  Rows,  14  to  18; 
some  space  between. 

The  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  8  ft.;  of  ear,  4  ft.  One  hundred 
ears  weighed  49  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  59> 
nubbins,  9)  66  bu.,  with  76  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  60  bu.  There 
was  20  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took 
75  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 


EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  white— Ears,  smooth. 

No.  20,  Princeton;  seed  grown  by  Wm.  T.  Lamb,  Ridott,  Stephenson  Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7^  to  8*4  in.  long,  1.9  to  2.2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red  or 
white,  I  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  very  compact,  tapering;  butt,  compressed 
rounded;  tip,  blunt,  filled'.  Juncture,  small,  _J^  to  $  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thick, 
wedge-shaped;  %  to  ^  in.  long,  %  to  5-16  in.  wide;  white  above,  white  to  orange  be- 
low; round  to  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  generally  regular,  16  to  20;  no  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  8^  ft-',  of  ear,  3^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
44  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  41.5;  nubbins, 
'5-5)  57  DU->  w'tn  73  Per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  51  bu.  There  was  21 
per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  75  Ib.  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  59,  White  cap;  seed  grown  by  C.  Leete  &  Son,  Moorheadville,  Pa. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7  to  9  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter,  Cobs,  red,  large, 
1.35  to  1.45  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  slightly  rounded;  tip,  blunt, 
fairly  filled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thick,  wedge-shaped  to 
rectanguler;  l/2  to  9-16  in.  long,  5-16  to  7-16  in.  wide;  white  above,  white  to  orange,  usu- 
ally the  latter,  below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  16  to  22;  no  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  7^  ft.;  of  ear,  2}£  feet.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
48  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  55;  nubbins,  15) 


1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889.  225 

70  bu.,  with  78  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  64  bu.  There  was  19  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  74  Ibs.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  white— Ears,  rough. 

No.  23,  Champion  of  the  north;  seed  grown  by  the  Station. 

Ears,  7  to  S)4  in.  long.  1-9  to  2.1  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white,  small,  1. 1  to  1.3  in. 
in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip  evenly  rounded,  and  espe- 
cially well  rilled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped;  ^  in.  long, 
21  in.  wide;  white,  crease-dented,  pinched,  ragged.  Rows,  14  to  18;  no  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalks  was  8  ft.;  of  ears,  4  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  49 
Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  56;  nubbins,  16)  72 
bu.,  with  77  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  63  bu.  There  was  22  per  cent, 
of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  77  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to 
make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn.  Last  year  this  variety  was  classed  as  a  smooth 
variety;  but  this  season  it  was  distinctly  rough. 

A  good  early  variety  for  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  state.  Almost  too  early, 
and  hence  too  small,  for  this  latitude. 

No.  60.  Wisconsin  white  dent;  seed  from  J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  8%  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.25  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
rather  large,  1.3  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt,  sometimes  slightly 
swollen;  tip,  blunt,  filled.  Juncture,  large,  %  to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge- 
shaped;  ^  in.  long,  y%  in.  wide;  white  above,  white  to  orange  below:  crease-dented, 
pinched,  ragged.  Rows,  16  to  18;  no  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  7^  ft.;  of  ear,  2^  ft.     One  hundred  ears  weighed 

55  Ib.      The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  55.4;  nubbins, 
19.1)   74.5  bu.,  with  80  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  65  bu.     There  was 
21  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  79  Ib. 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

A  promising  early  variety  for  Central  Illinois  and  probably  good  for  general  culture 
in  northern  Illinois. 

EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow—  Ears,  rough. 

ATo.  /<?,  Smith's  mixed  dent;  seed  grown  by  Experiment  Station. 

Type,  uniform,  excc-pt  color.  Ears,  7^  to  8^  in.  long,  2  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red  or  white,  medium,  1.2  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish;  nearly  cylin- 
drical; butt  and  tip,  evenly  rounded  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  in.  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  wedge  shaped;  ^  in.  long,  ^  in.  wide;  crease-dented,  pinched, 
sometimes  ragged;  variable  in  color — in  some  ears,  white  above,  white  to  yellow  below; 
in  other  ears,  striped,  red  and  white  above,  and  red,  white,  and  yellow  below.  Rows, 
14  to  20;  no  space  between  in  best  specimens. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  4j^  ft.     One  hundred  ears  weighe*! 

56  Ib.     The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  61;    nubbins  17) 
78  bu.,  with  79  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  68  bu.     There 
was  23  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  80 
Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

Tliis  variety  is  raised  by  Allen  E.  Smith,  Marengo,  111.,  and  is  an  excellent  variety 
for  early  planting  in  central  Illinois,  and  for  general  culture  in  northern  Illinois. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  yellow  —  Ears,  smooth. 

A  o.  2,  Legal  tender ;  seed  grown  by  Nims  Bros  ,  Emerson,  Iowa. 
Type,  uniform.     Ears,  S)4   to  10^  in.  long,  1.9  to  2  25  in.  in  diameter.     Cobs,  red, 
rather  small,  i  to  1.3  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  almost  cylindrical;  butt,  compressed; 

4  - 


226 


BULLETIN    NO.  8. 


[February, 


tip,  blunt,  not  well  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
thick,  broadly  wedge-shaped;  ^  in.  long,  ^  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below; 
crease-dented.  Rows,  14  to  18;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
59  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  73;  nubbins,  n) 
84  bu.,  with  80  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  69  bu.  There  was  27  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and  at  that  time,  it  took  97  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Th:s  variety  is  to  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois. 

Nos.  4,  /o,  16,  26,  48,  53,  Learning;  seed  grown  on  University  farms.  No.  44,  True 
Learning;  seed  from  V.  H.  Hallock  &  Sons,  Queens,  N.  Y.  No.  43,  True  Learning; 
seed  from  Samuel  Wilson,  Mechanicsville,  Pa.  No.  46,  Learning;  seed  from  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.  No.  47,  Learning;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign- 
Ill. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  8  to  10  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  large,  1.2  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering,  rapidly  in  tip  fourth;  cross- 
section,  sometimes  oval;  butt,  usually  well  rounded,  sometimes  swollen;  tip,  pointed  and 
filled.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped  to  rectangular;  corners,  often  rounded;  sometimes  nearly 
as  thick  as  wide;  l/2  to  ^  in.  long,  ^  to  5'ID  ln-  wide;  round  to  long  dimple-dented;  to- 
ward tip,  usually  not  dented;  yellow  to  orange  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  18  to  22, 
usually  with  less  number  on  tip  fourth  and  irregularly  placed;  a  tendency  to  some  open- 
ness between,  especially  towards  tip  end. 

The  following  table  gives  the  principal  results  from  each  plat: 

TABLE  SHOWING  RESULTS  WITH  10  PLATS  OF  LEAMING. 


2 

PB 

Source. 

?T: 

—  ft 

-: 

—     CD 
3    = 
P"r 

Height  of 

r 
tr 
a  • 

$  = 

M 

•      — 

8 

Per  cent,  wa- 
ter in  shelled 
corn,  husked. 

cr  sr  M 

n  c  o- 
•    <n  . 

2.?Tg 

Jy 

X    O    p 
•     "i   en 

Bu.hskd.pera. 

H 
o^ 

» 
E. 

H 

d. 
•^ 

Cfl 

P, 
gf 

r 

M 

P 
<-t 

j* 

n>  C 

P    C 

PI 

2 

c 
cr 

cr 

en 

$ 

E. 

4 

10 

16 

26 
48 
53 

44 
45 
46 

47 

University   

82 
80 
80 
82 
78 
84 
70 

74 
77 
80 

9-75 
9 
9 
9-5 

10 

9-5 

9  25 
9  75 
9  75 

4-5 
4 
4.25 
4 
4-75 
4-5 
3 
4 
4-5 
4-25 

61 

65 
61 

73 
74 
70 

7i 

77 
74 

82 

25.2 
27.6 

24-3 
24.9 

25-3 
25 
26.7 
26  5 
26.7 
26.4 

82 

88 
83 
83 
8l 

84 

87 
86 
86 
86 

68 
54 
74 
83 
72 
89 

69 
81 

77 
95 

25 
28 
18 
20 
29 
18 
H 
14 
10 

18 

93 

82 

92 

103 

IOI 

1  06 

83 

9l 
96 

"3 

77 
67 

78 
87 

84 

9° 
68 

78 
79 
93 

Hallock  

Wilson  

Dep't  of  Agriculture         .    ... 

E.  E.  Chester  

Average  

79 

9.25 

4.251  71 

25-9 

85     1  76 

20 

96 

80 

A  well  known  and  deservedly  popular  variety. 

No. 5,  Clark's  Iroquois;  seed  grown  by  H.  H.  Clark,  Onarga,  Iroquois,  Co.,  111. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  8  to  9  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  rather  large,  1.3  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  tapering,  sometimes 
strongly  in  tip  fourth;  butt,  well  rounded,  sometimes  slightly  swollen;  tip,  variable,  but 
fairly  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  %  to  %  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  narrowly  wedge- 
shaped;  ^j  to  11-16  in.  long,  ]^  to  5-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  deep  orange  below; 
crease-dented.  Rows,  sometimes  irregular,  20  to  24;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft-;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
61  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  62.2;  nubbins,  36.3) 
98.5  bu.,  with  86  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  82  bu.  There  was  26  per 


1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  227 

cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  84  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

This  variety  yielded  the  most  of  any  of  the  varieties  on  tract  (-/).  It  may  be  strongly 
recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois.  Many  ears  closeiy  resemble  Learning. 

Aro.  4g,  Seeknofurther ;  seed  grown  by  G.  W.  Hartsock,  Gifford,  Champaign  Co  ,  111. 

Type,  variable.  Ears.  8^  to  9^  in.  long,  2  to  2.2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium,  i.i  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  slightly  tapering;  butt,  rounded;  tip, 
blunt,  not  always  well  filled.  Juncture,  variable,  %  to  %  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thick- 
ish,  nearly  rectangular;  ^  to  fa  in.  long,  ^  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  deep  orange  or  red- 
dish below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  14  to  18;  space  between,  considerable. 

Tne  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft  ;  of  ear,  4%  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
68  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  81.5;  nubbins, 
13.5)  95  bu.,  with  90  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  81  bu.  There  was  25 
per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  82  Ib.  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

In  many  respects  like  Learning — generally  more  variable. 

No.  41,  Fisk;  seed  grown  by  Eli  Fisk,  Havana,  Mason  Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8)4  to  io/^  in-  long.  2.2  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium,  1.2  to  1.3  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip,  evenly 
rounded;  latter,  especially  well  rilled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^4  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
broadly  wedge-shaped;  j^  to  j^s  in.  long,  fy  to  7  16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange 
below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  14  to  18;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
66  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  rs  husked,  was  (good  ears,  84;  nubbins,  14) 
98  bu.,  with  94  percent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  80  bu.  There  was  28  percent, 
of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  88  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to 
make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  desirable  on  this  latitude  and  further  south. 

No.  40,  Ridott  pride;  seed  grown  by  J.  E.  Taggart,  Ridott,  S'.ephenson,  Co.,  111. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8  to  9^  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  large, 
1.3  to  1. 4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering  rather  strongly;  butt,  enlarged,  not 
well  rounded;  tip,  rather  pointed,  fairly  well  rilled.  Juncture  large,  ^  to  I  in.  in  diam- 
eter. Kernels,  wedge  shaped;  ^  in.  long,  5-16  to  ^g  in.  wide;  long  dimple  dented;  tip 
kernels,  not  dented;  yellow  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  18  to  20;  space  between, 
slight  or  none. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9%  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
59  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  67;  nubbins,  20) 
87  bu.,  with  75  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  71  bu.  There  was  27  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  87  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

No.  43,  Smedley;  seed  from  W.  W.  Barnard  &  Co.,  Chicago. 

Type,  very  variable.  Ears,  8^  to  9^  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
rather  large,  red,  1.3  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smoothish,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt, 
compressed;  tip,  variable,  often  not  well  filled.  Juncture,  large,  i  in.  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  broadly  wedge-shaped;  fy  in.  long,  ^  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below; 
crease-dented.  Rows,  16  to  18;  some  space  between. 

The  height  of  stalk  was  8j^  ft. ;  of  ear,  4  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  66  Ib. 
The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  67.5;  nubbins,  20)87.5  bu., 
with  70  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  74  bu.  There  was  25  per  cent,  of 
water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  83  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make 
a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 


228  BULLETIN  NO.  S.  \_February, 

No.  52,  Arleus;  seed  from  Samuel  Wilson,  Mechanicsville,  Pa. 

Type,  very  variable.  Ears,  8)4  to  9^  in.  long,  2  to  2.4  in.  wide.  Cobs,  red,  rather 
large,  I  2  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  compressed;  tip,  fairly  well 
filled.  Juncture,  medium,  y%  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  rather  thick,  rectangular;  %  to 
^  in  long,  5-16  to  y%  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows, 
somewhat  irregular,  14  to  18;  space  between,  considerable. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  8^  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.     One  hundred  ears  weighed 

68  Ib.     The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  69;  nubbins,  12} 
8l  bu.,  with  67  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  68  bu.     There  was  25  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and  at  that  time  it  took  83  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  jj1,  Paulin  dent;  seed  grown  by  J.  K.  Paulin,  Tuscola,  Douglas  Co.,  111. 

Type,  very  variable.  Ears,  10  to  II  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  rather  large,  1.3  to  I  4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smoothish,  tapering;  butt,  compressed; 
tip,  not  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ^  to  %  in  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thiokish,  rect- 
angular; corners,  rounding;  ^  in.  long,  5-16  to  y%  in.  wide;  white  to  yellow  above,  bright 
orange  to  pink  below;  dimple-dented,  sometimes  slightly  ragged.  Rows,  somewhat 
irregular,  16  to  18,  space  between,  considerable. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.     One  hundred  ears  weighed 

69  Ib.     The  }ield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  89;  nubbins,  18  5) 
107.5  bu.,  with  72  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,   and  of  air-dry  corn,  87  bu.     There  was  28 
per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  88  Ib.  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

This  variety  has  been  produced  by  mixing  several  varieties. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  yellow— Ears,  rough. 

No.  6,  Hague1  s  yellow  dent;  seed  grown  by  R.  Hogue,  Crete,  Neb. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  10  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
usually  red,  large,  1.2  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  slightly  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed rounded;  tip,  blunt,  only  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  rather  large,  y%  in.  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  broadly  wedge-shaped;  ^  to  11-16  in.  long,  5-16  to  y%  in.  wide;  crease-dented, 
somewhat  pinched  and  ragged;  yellow  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  16  to  22,  less  towards 
tip;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  lo^£  ft.;  of  ear,  4|^  ft.  The  average  weight  of  one 
hundred  ears,  62  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  51; 
nubbins,  25)  76  bu.,  with  68  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  60  bu.  There 
was  29  5  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took 
91  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  produce  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

No.  u,  Riley'' s  favorite ;  seed  grown  by  J.  Riley,  Thorntown,  Ind. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  9  in.  long,  2.2  to  2  4  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  medium, 
1.2  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip,  well  rounded, 
and  especially  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  narrowly 
wedge  shaped;  ^  in  long,  ^  to  5  16  in.  wide;  light  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease- 
dented,  pinched,  and  ragged.  Rows,  16  to  22;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
62  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  53;  nubbing  26) 
79  bu.,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  66  bu.  There  was  26  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  84  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  may  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois. 

No.  fj,  Champaign;  grown  on  the  University  farms. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8  to  9  in.  long,  2  to  2. 4 in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  medium, 
i.i  to  1.3  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  sometimes  smooth,  slightly  tapering;  butt  and 


1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  229 

tip,  evenly  rounded,  well  filled.  Juncture,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge- 
shaped;  ^  to  ^  in.  long,  5-16  in.  wide;  light  yellow  above,  yellow  to  orange  below; 
crease-dented,  usually  pinched  and  somewhat  ragged.  Rows  14  to  18;  space  between, 
slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9  ft. ;  of  ear,  4^  feet.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
58  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  72  5;  nubbins, 
23)  95.5  bu.  with  85  percent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  78  bu.  There  was  27 
per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  85  Ib.  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

A  good  variety  for  central  Illinois. 

No.  43,  Log  cabin;  seed  grown  by  C.  N.  Butts,  Knoxville,  Knox  Co.,  111. 

Type,  variable.  Ears.  9  to  10%  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
large,  1.4  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  compressed, 
tip.  blunt,  not  filled.  Junctuie,  large,  i  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped;  fy  in. 
long,  5-16  to  7-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease-dented;  pinched,  some- 
times ragged.  Rows,  16  to  20,  usually  the  latter;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  82 
Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  71;  nubbins,  14  )85 
bu.,  with  69  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  67  bu.  There  was  29.5  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  96  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

,V<?  86,  Eclipse;  seed  grown  by  F.  C.  Pickard,  Piasa,  Madison  Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  rather  small, 
1.2  to  1.35  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  well-rounded;  tip,  not 
filled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  broadly  to  narrowly  wedge- 
shaped,  rather  thin;  ^-in.  long,  ^  to  ^  in.  wide;  crease-dented,  pinched,  and  ragged; 
light  yellow  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  16  to  20;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  lo}4  ft.;  of  ear,  6  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
64  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  78;  nubbins,  28) 
106  bu.,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  87  bu.  There  was  28  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  86  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

A  promising  variety  for  central  and  southern  Illinois. 


MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  white  —  Ears,  smooth. 

Not.  79,  25,  64,  67,  Burr's  white;  seed  grown  on  University  farms.  Synonyms — 
Ko.  66,  Chcnifion  -white  fearl;  seed  grown  by  J.  C.  Suflern,  Voorhies,  Piatt  Co.,  111. 
No.  6j,  Champion  eat ty  white  pearl;  seed  from  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. No.  70,  Hickory  king;  seed  from  Samuel  Wilson,  Mechanicsville,  Pa. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  8  to  lo^J  in.  long,  usually  8%  to  9^  in.;  2.1  to  2.5 
in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  usually  red,  medium,  i.i  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather 
smooth,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  well-rounded;  tip,  bluntly-rounded,  usually  well  filled. 
Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  broadly  wedge-shaped;  ^  to)^ 
in.  long,  ^i  to  7-16  in.  wide;  white,  crease-dented,  sometimes  pinched.  Rows,  14  to  16; 
space  between,  slight;  in  best  specimens,  none. 

Average  of  the  eight  plats  gives  height  of  stalk,  6%  ft.;  of  ear,  4)4  ft-  One  hun- 
dred ears  weighed  64  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears, 
75.5;  nubbins,  21)  96.5  bu.,  with  81  percent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn  80  bu. 
There  was  26.5  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it 
took  85  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  to  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois.  Hickory 
king  is  a  misnomer. 


230  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February? 

No.  61,  Common  early  white;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111.  Syno- 
nym— No.  63,  White  pearl;  seed  from  W.  W.  Barnard  &  Co.,  Chicago. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  to  in.  long;  1.8  to  2.2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
small,  i.i  to  1.3  in.  in  diamater.  Ears  smooth,  distinctly  taparing;  butt,  compressed; 
tip,  pointed,  fairly  filled.  Kernels,  thick,  wedge-shaped  to  rectangular;  corners,  slightly 
rounding;  ]/%  in.  long,  ^  in.  wide;  white;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  12  to  16;  some 
space  between. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gives  height  of  stalk,  lo  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hun- 
dred ears  weighed  55  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good 
ears,  72;  nubbins,  28)  100  bu.,  with  91  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  84 
bu.  There  was  25  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time, 
it  took  85  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  65  was  a  little  later  and  did  not  yield  so  well  as  No.  61. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  white— Ears,  rough. 

No.  62,  Gourd  seed;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears, -8^  to  9  in.  long;  2.2  to  2  5  in.  in  d;am2ter.  Cobs,  white, 
medium,  1.3  to  1.35  in.  in  diameter.  Eirs,  roagh,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip  evenly 
rounded.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  narrowly  wedge- 
shaped;  ^5  to  3^  in.  long,  ^  in.  wide;  white;  crease  dented,  pinched,  and  ragged.  Rows, 
16  to  18;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft;  of  ear,  5  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  63 
Ib.  The  yield  par  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  79;  nubb  n>,  25)  104. 
bu.,  with  95  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  air  dry  corn,  93  bu.  There  were  22.5  per  cent, 
of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  t'tmi,  it  took  75  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to 
make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn.  • 

A  desirable  variety  for  central  Illinois. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow — Ears,  smooth. 

No.  j6,  Bloody  butcher;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  8^  to  9^  in.  lo.ig,  1.75  to  2.1  in.  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  white,  usually  small,  I  to  1.35  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed; tip,  pointed  and  filled.  Juncture,  small,  %  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
thick,  rectanguler;  ]/^  in.  long,  ^  to  7-16  in.  in  diameter;  yellow,  surrounded  with  red 
above,  light  to  dark  red  below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  12  to  16,  usually  12;  space 
between,  rather  large. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9  ft.;  of  ear,  3^  ft.  The  weight  of  on2  hundred 
ears  was  58  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  804; 
nubbins,  18. i)  98.5  bu.,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  86  bu. 
There  was  23  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it 
took  79  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  78,  Calico;  seed  from  J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago. 

Type  fairly  uniform,  except  color.  Ears,  8  tog  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red  or  white,  large,  1.3  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical; 
butt,  well  rounded;  tip,  blunt,  not  filled.  Juncture,  large,  |^  to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, wedge  shaped,  thick;  ^  in  long,  ^  in.  w.de;  long  dimple-dented;  ground  color, 
white  to  yellow;  striped  lengthwise  with  red;  some  kernels  solid  red,  others  white.  Rows, 
16  to  20;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  8^  ft  ;  of  ear,  4  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  57 
Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  66;  nubbins,  22)  88 
bu.,  with  77  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  19  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled 
corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  77  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of 
thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 


1890.]  FIELD    EPXERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1889.  2JI 

No.  79,  Cranberry;  seed  from  J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago. 

Type,  fairly  uniform,  except  color.  Exrs,  "]%  to  8^  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.2  in.  in  diam- 
eter. Cobs,  red  or  white,  small,  i.i  to  1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  tapering; 
butt,  not  rounded;  tip,  blunt,  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
narrowly  wedge-shaped;  9  16  in.  long,  5-i6inwide;  dimple-dented;  groundcolor,  white, 
but  the  top  half  of  the  kernel,  peculiarly  covered  with  pink  in  varying  quantities  and 
shades,  producing  handsome  effect.  Rows,  16  to  18;  considerable  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10^  ft.;  of  ear,  5^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
58 Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  76.5;  nubbins,  36.5) 
113  bu.,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  85  bu.  There  was  27  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  83  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow — Ears,  rough. 

No.  17,  Lake's  mixed  dent;  seed  grown  by  H.  T.  Laps,  Roseville,  Warren  Co. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8  to  ioy2  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
large,  i.i  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  distinctly  tapering;  butt,  often  swollen; 
tip,  pointed,  usually  filled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge- 
shaped;  £li  in.  long,  Y%  in.  wide;  yellow  to  red  above,  orange  to  red  below,  crease  - 
dented,  pinched  and  ragged.  Rows,  fairly  regular,  16  to  18;  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  5  ft.  One  hundred  cars  weighed  66 
Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  64;  nubbins,  25)  89 
bu.,  with  76  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  73  bu.  There  was  27  percent, 
of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  86  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to 
make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

This  was  classed  in  1888  as  smooth,  but  as  grown  this  season  it  was  distinctly  rough. 

No.  77,  Calico;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  III. 

Type,  uniform,  except  color.  Ears,  8  to  9  in.  long;  2.1  to  24  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  medium,  1.3  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish,  sometimes  smooth;  butt  and  tip, 
evenly  rounded.  Juncture,  medium,  $  to  %  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped; 
YZ  to  ^  in.  long,  ^  to  7-16  in.  wide;  crease-dented,  sometimes  ragged;  ground  color  yel- 
low to  white;  striped  lengthwise  with  red;  some  ears  solid  red.  Rows,  16  to  20;  space 
between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9  ft;  of  ear,  4^  feet.  The  weight  of  one  hundred 
ears  was  58  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  good  ears,  70;  nub- 
bins, 24)  94  bu.,  with  8(  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  83  bu.  There  was 
21  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  77  Ib.  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  yellow — Ears  smooth. 

No.  7,  Improved  orange  pride;  seid  grown  by  J.  H.  McConnell,  Rigdon,  Grant 
Co.,  Ind. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  10^  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  medium,  1.2  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smx>th;  sometimes  roughish,  nearly 
cylindrical;  butt,  not  rounded;  tip,  pointed,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  in.  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  thick,  wedge-shaped;  9-16  to  ^j  in.  long,  and  Y%  in.  wide;  yellow 
above,  orange  below;  crease-dented,  pinched.  Rows,  14  to  18;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10%"  feet;  of  ear,  5  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
60  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  56;  nubbins,  21) 
77  bu.,  with  76  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  55  bu.  There  was  36  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and  at  that  time,  it  took  102  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  worthy  of  a  trial  in  southern  central  and  southern  Illinois. 


232  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  \_February ', 

No.  j,  Howard's  improved  yellow;  seed  grown  by  H.  Howard,  Marshall,  Saline 
Co.,  Mo. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  9^  to  II  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  medium  to  large,  1.2  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  cylindrical;  butt, 
compressed,  sometimes  not  well  covered;  tip,  blunt,  not  filled.  Juncture,  large,  I  in.  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  rectangular  to  broadly  wedge-shaped;  ]/^  to  9-16  in.  long.  ^  to  y% 
in.  wide;  light  yellow  above,  yellow  toorange  below;  crease-dented,  sometimes  pinched. 
Rows,  14  to  16;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
75  lb.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  67;  nubbins,  25) 
92  bu.,  with  75  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  64  bu.  There  was  38.5  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  109  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  too  late  for  general  culture  in  this  latitude. 

Xo.  36,  Feeders'1  favorite;  seed  grown  by  H.  and  L.  K.  Seymour,  Payson,  Adams  Co. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  10^  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  small  to  medium,  i.i  to  1.3  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  cylindrical;  butt, 
compressed;  tip,  blunt,  generally  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  %  in.  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  rather  thin,  wedge-shaped;  ft  in.  long,  5-16  to  ^  in.  wide;  light  yellow  above, 
orange  below;  crease-dented,  sometimes  pinched.  Rows,  14  to  20;  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10  ft.;  of  ears,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
71  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  78  9;  nubbins, 
23.6)  102.5  bu.,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  77  bu.  There  was 
33  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  94  Ib. 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  85,  Swengel  corn;  seed  grown  by  Swengel  Bros.,  Neoga,  Cumberland  Co. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  10  to  n)4  in-  long,  2  to  2.2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium,  i.i  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  cylindrical;  butt,  compressed; 
tip,  filled.  Kernels,  thick,  broadly  wedge  shaped;  9-16  to  $$  in.  long,  7-16  in.  wide; 
light  yellow  above,  yellow  to  orange  below;  crease-dented.  Rows,  12  to  16;  space  be- 
tween, slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  n^  ft. ;  of  ear,  5j^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
74  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  95;  nubbins,  22) 
117  bu.,  with  85  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  79  bu.  There  was  39  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  109  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn. 

Apparently  desirable  for  south-central  and  southern  Illinois. 

.Yo.  37,  Chester  Co.  early  dent;  seed  from  Samuel  Wilson,  Mechanicsville,  Pa. 
Synonym— No.  j6,  Claudes  eariy;  seed  from  I.  V.  Faust,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  10  in.  long,  2.3  to  2.6  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  large, 
1.3  to  1.5  in  diameter.  Ears,  generally  smooth,  although  not  unfrequently  rough,  strongly 
tapering;  butt,  not  rounded:  tip,  rather  pointed,  well  filled.  Juncture,  large,  %  to  I  in. 
in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge  shaped;  $  to  Ii-l6in.  long,  ^  in.  wide;  usually  shallow 
crease-dented,  but  sometimes  ragged;  very  light  yellow  to  white  above,  yellow  to  orange 
below.  Rows,  regular;  no  space  between:  often  compacted  like  the  cells  of  a  honey-comb. 
An  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  9  ft.;  of  ear,  3^  ft.  The  average 
\veightof  one  hundred  ears  was  86  Ib.,  the  ears  of  No.  37  being  much  larger  than  those 
of  No.  36.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  74;  nubbins, 
18)  92  bu.,  with  60  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  77  bu.  There  was  30 
per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and  at  that  time,  it  required  93  Ib. 
of  ear  corn  to  produce  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 


1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889.  233 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  yellow—  Ears,  rough. 

No.  <?,  Steward's  improved  yellow  dent ;  seed  grown  by  L.  W.  Steward,  Amanda, 
Pickaway  Co.,  Ohio. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  9  in.  long,  2  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red  or  white, 
rather  small,  i.i  to  1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip, 
evenly  rounded  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  $  to  %  in.  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, rather  narrowly  wedge-shaped;  ft  in.  long,  ^  to  ft  in.  wide;  yellow,  crease  dented, 
pinched  and  ragged.  Rows,  16  to  22,  usually  about  20;  space  between,  generally  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  li)4  ft.;  of  ear,  $)4  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
54  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  64;  nubbins  21) 
85  bu.,  with  87  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  69  bu.  There  was  28  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  87  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  desirable  for  south-central  and  southern  Illinois. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  white— Ears,  smooth. 

No.  6g,  Helms  improved;  seed  grown  by  F.  Helms,  Belleville,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  II  in.  long,  2  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red  or 
•white,  medium,  i.i  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  compressed, 
rounded;  tip,  pointed  and  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ^  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, thick,  wedge  shaped  to  rectangular;  7-16  to  9  16  in.  long,  ft  in.  wide;  white;  long 
dimple-dented.  Rows,  16  to  18;  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  io)4  ft.;  of  ear,  $)4  ft-  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
67  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  102;  nubbins,  36) 
138  bu.,  with  91  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  103  bu.  There  was  34  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  97  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  gave  the  largest  yield  this  season.  Although  almost-too  late  for  general 
culture  in  this  latitude,  it  is  worthy  of  an  extended  trial  further  south,  especially  on  the 
more  fertile  lands. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  white—Ears,  rough. 

No.   24.,  Smith'1  s  premium  white  dent;  seed  grown   by  M.  H.  Smith,  DeSoto,  Neb. 

Synonym — No.  21,    Clark's  premium  no-day;   seed  grown  by  H.    H.   Clark,    Onarga, 

Iroquois  Co.,  Ill- 
Type,  fairly  uniform.     Ears,  8*4   to  9^   in.  long,  2  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter.     Cobs, 

white,  medium  to  large,  i.i  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.     Ears,  varying  from  smooth  to  rough, 

tapering  to  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip,  evenly  rounded.     Juncture,  medium,  %  to 

fa  in.  in  diameter.    Kernels,  wedge  shaped;  fa  in.  long,  5-16  to  ft  in.  wide;  white;  crease- 

dented.     Rows,  16  to  20;  space  between,  slight. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gives  height  of  stalk,  10  ft.;  of  ear,  5  ft.     One  hundred 

ears  weighed  58  Ib.     The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  54; 

nubbins,  27)  81  bu  ,  with  75  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  64  bu.    There 

was  30  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and  at  that  time,  it  took  93 

Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  air-dry  corn. 

A  good  variety,  although  almost  too  late  for  this  latitude. 

No.  72,  Maryland  gourd  seed;  seed  from  V.  H.  Hallock  &  Sons,  Queens,  N.  V. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  10  in.  long,  2.3  to  2.6  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
rather  large,  1.3  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  rough,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  not 
rounded;  tip,  blunt,  not  filled.  Juncture,  large,  I  to  \%  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
wedge-shaped,  ft  in.  long,  ft  in.  wide;  white;  crease-dented,  pinched,  but  not  usually 
ragged.  Rows,  16  to  20;  some  space  between. 


234  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  11%  ft.;  of  ear,  5  ft-  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
77  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  68;  nubbins,  22) 
90  bu.,  with  75  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  71  bu.  There  was  30  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  required  95  Ib.  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 


NON-MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  yellow— Ears,  smooth. 

No.  J/,  Piasa  queen;  seed  from  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  10  to  12  in.  long,  2.1  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium,  1.3  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  compressed; 
tip,  pointed,  not  filled.  Juncture,  large,  %  to  i  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  narrowly  to 
broadly  wedge-shaped;  ^  in.  long,  5-16  to  ^  '"•  wide,  yellow  to  whitish  above, 
deep  orange  below;  crease  dented,  sometimes  pinched.  Rows,  16;  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9%  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
86  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  the  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  91.5;  nubbins, 
19  5)  in  bu.,  with  75  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  83  bu.  There  was 
34  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  took  101  Ib. 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  54,  Farmers'  favorite;  seed  from  Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  n  in.  long,  2  to  2.2  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  medium, 
1.3  to  1.35  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical;  bait,  compressed;  tip, 
pointed,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ?/&  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  broadly 
wedge  shaped  to  rectangular;  }/2  109-16  in.  long,  y&  to  7-16  in.  wide;  yellow  above,  orange 
below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  12  to  14;  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk,  9^  ft.;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  87 
Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  63.5;  nubbins,  18.5) 
82  bu.,  with  64  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  59  bu.  There  was  35.5  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time  it  took  103  Ib.  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  throughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  37,  Golden  beauty;  seed  from  Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  10  in.  long,  2.5  to  27  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
large,  i.  6  to  I  75  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooihish,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  not  rounded; 
tip,  blunt,  not  well  filled.  Juncture,  large,  i  in.  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge  shaped,  ££ 
in.  long,  y%  to  7-16  in.  wide;  crease-dented,  sometims  pinched;  yellow  above,  orange 
below.  Rows,  regular,  16  to  20.  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  gl/2  ft. ;  of  ear,  4^  ft.  The  average  weight  of  one 
hundred  ears  was  86  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears, 
71;  nubbins,  14)  85  bu.,  with  64  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  58  bu. 
There  was  39  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  Shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it 
took  105  Ib  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

This  is  not  at  all  like  either  of  the  two  types  tested  in  1888  under  the  same  name. 

No.  58,  Chester  Co.  mammoth;  seed  from  Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  n*4  in.  long,  2  4  to  2.7  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
very  large,  1.5  to  1.7  in  diameter.  Ears,  generally  smooth,  though  often  rough,  tapering 
rather  strongJy;  butt,  not  rounded;  tip,  often  not  well  filled,  functure,  very  large,  I  to 
\%  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped,  ^  in.  long,  5  16  to  y%  in.  wide;  usually 
shallow  crease-dented,  but  sometimes  pinched  and  ragged;  light  yellow  to  white  above, 
yellow  to  orange  below.  Rows,  regular,  18  to  22;  no  space  between;  compacted  like  the 
cells  of  honey- C'-mb. 

The  average  height  of  the  stalks  was  9^  ft.;  of  ears,  4^  ft.  The  weight  of  one 
hundred  ears  wa^  96  II).  The  yielil  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears, 


1890.]  KIKI.D    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1889.  235 

68.5;  nubbins,  9.5)  78  bu.,  with  46  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air  dry  corn,  60  bu. 
There  was  31.5  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it 
took  96  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

In  1888  it  was  classed  as  a  rough  variety,  and  although  it  is  distinctly  neither  rough 
nor  smooth,  the  smooth  ears  are  believed  to  be  in  the  majority. 

NON-MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  white — Ears,  smooth. 

No.  7/,  Old  cabin  home;  seed  from  V.  H.  Hallock  &  Sons,  Queens,  N.  Y, 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  7^  to  8^  in.  long,  1.6  to  1.8  in.  in  diameter.  Cob?,, 
white,  small,  .85  to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  distinctly  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed, not  rounded;  tip,  pointed,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ^  to  $  in.  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  thick,  polygonal;  ^  in.  long  and  wide;  white;  long  dimple-dented. 
Rows,  8  to  10;  space  between,  very  large. 

Average  height  of  stalk,  II  ft.;  of  ear,  5^  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed  53  Ib. 
The  yield  of  shelled  corn  per  acre,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  55;  nubbins,  28)  83  bu., 
with  66  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  56  bu.  There  was  40  per  cent,  of 
water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  required  101  Ib.  of  ear  corn, 
to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Would  not  be  desirable  even  if  it  matured. 

No  73,  Hiwassee  mammoth;  seed  from  I.  V.  Faust,  Philadelphia. 

Type,  var  able.  Ears,  9  to  10^  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
large,  I  35  to  1.6  in.  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  compressed  rounded;  tip, 
rounding  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  $  to  %  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thick,, 
polygonal;  ^  in.  long,  7-16  in.  wide;  white;  dimple-dented;  tip  kernels,  not  dented. 
Rows,  12  to  16;  space  between,  large. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  13^  ft.;  ear,  7^  ft.  One  hund/ed  ears  weighed 
93  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  71;  nubbins,  35) 
106  bu.,  with  91  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  69  bu.  There  was  42  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  tima,  it  required  126  Ib.  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

•No.  74,  Mammoth  white  surprise;   seed  from  Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  9^  to  10^  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.5  in.  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red  or  white,  large,  1.3  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  varying  from  smooth  to  rough,, 
usually  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip,  evenly  rounded.  Kernels,  thickish,. 
wedge-shaped;  corners,  slightly  rounding;  y2  to  $  in.  long,  ^  to  7-16  in.  wide;  long 
dimple-  to  crease  dented,  sometimes  pinched  and  ragged;  white.  Rows,  16  to  18;  some 
space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  \2y2  ft.;  of  ear,  7  ft.  The  weight  of  one  hundred 
ears  was  85  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  62.5; 
nubbins,  28.5)  91  bu.,  with  63  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  61  bu.  There 
was  40  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  required 
I2olb.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

NON-MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  wAite—Ea.rs,  rough. 

No.  22,  Piasa  king;  seed  grown  by  Experiment  Station.  No.  87,  Piasa  king;  seed 
grown  by  F.  C.  Pickard,  Piasa,  Madison  Co.,  111. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  n^  in.  long,  2.2  to  2.6  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red  or  white,  usually  red,  1.2  to  1.6  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  usually  roughish,  tapering  to 
nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  not  rounded;  tip,  blunt,  not  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  %  in.  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped;  ^  in-  long,  ^  in.  wide;  white;  crease  dented,  pinched,. 
Rows,  18  to  22;  space  between,  slight. 


236  BULLETIN   NO    8.  [February, 

The  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  11%  ft.;  of  ear,  6  ft.  One 
hundred  ears  weighed  69  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good 
•ears,  61;  nubbins,  32)  93  bu.,  with  94  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  62 
bu.  There  was  41  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time, 
it  required  117  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

The  yield  from  plat  No.  87  was  in  every  way  better  than  that  from  No.  22.  This 
variety  is  probably  worthy  of  a  trial  on  the  fertile  bottom  lands  south  of  Alton. 

No.  68,  Parrish;   seed  from  J.  C.  Vaughan,  Chicago. 

Type,  (airly  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  n  in.  long,  2.5  to  2.8  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
large,  2.5  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish,  usually  tapering;  butt,  not  rounded;  tip, 
pointed,  filled.  Juncture,  large,  %  to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped,  fy  to 
11-16  in.  long,  7-16  in.  wide;  white;  crease-dented,  pinched,  but  not  ragged.  Rows,  14 
to  16;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  n  ft.;  of  ear,  6%  ft.  One  hundred  ears  weighed 
80  Ib.  The  yield  par  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  91;  nubbins,  32) 
123  bu.,  with  79  per  cent  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  84  bu.  There  was  39  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  required  108  Ib.  of 
•ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  7_5,  Burrell  and  Whitman  ensilage  corn;  seed  from  Cornish,  Curtis,  &  Greene, 
Ft.  Atkinson,  Wis. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  9  in.  long,  2  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
•small,  1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish,  tapering;  butt,  and  tip,  evenly  rounded  and 
•well  filled.  Juncture,  small,  %  to  ^  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  rather  broadly  wedge- 
shaped;  ^  to  11-16  in.  long,  fy  to  ^  in.  wide;  crease- dented,  pinched,  but  not  ragged; 
white.  Rows,  14  to  16;  considerable  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  n^  ft. ;  of  ear,  7  ft.  The  weight  of  one  hundred 
ears  was  66  Ib.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  67;  nub- 
bins, 33)  100  bu.,  with  73  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  71  bu.  There 
was  37  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked,  and,  at  that  time,  it  required 
101  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

RESULTS  IN  DETAIL— EXPLANATION  OF  TABLES, 

Table  i. —  The  germinating  power  of  fifty  kernels  of  each  of  the 
varieties  of  seed  planted,  with  the  exceptions  noted  in  the  table,  was 
tested  in  a  Geneva  apparatus  at  an  average  temperature  of  66.5  °  F. 
[For  description  of  Geneva  apparatus,  see  bulletin  No.  3,  p.  30.] 

The  number  of  plants  growing  in  90  hills  planted  on  plats  i  to  25, 
.and  in  8 1  hills  on  plats  26  to  87,  was  ascertained  at  3  weeks,  and  at  9  weeks 
.after  planting.  The  per  cent,  of  kernels  producing  plants  at  the  dates  speci- 
fied is  given  in  the  table. 

September  gth  to  i2th,  the  number  of  stalks  and  the  number  of  bar- 
ren stalks  on  the  same  area  was  ascertained.  For  comparison,  a  full 
stand  is  considered  to  be  four  stalks  to  a  hill,  which  was  the  number  of 
kernels  planted. 

The  height  of  stalk,  and  of  the  .butt  of  the  ear  from  the  ground  was 
ascertained  by  selecting  and  measuring  what  appeared  to  be  an  average 
hill,  usually  of  four  stalks  each  bearing  an  ear,  and  taking  an  average  ot 
the  measurements  thus  obtained.  Observations  were  made  upon  the 
ripeness  of  the  corn  September  nth,  September  24th,  and  October  yth. 


1890  ]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  237- 

The  date  given  in  the  table  indicates  that  maturity  was  reached  during 
the  two  weeks  preceding  the  observation. 

Table  2.  —  For  plats  i  to  25  there  is  given  the  yield  in  pounds  of  ear 
corn  on  each  of  the  nine  rows,  10  rods  long;  for  plats  26  to  87,  the  yield 
on  each  third  of  the  plat  from  west  to  east.  Plats  c  to  9  were  husked 
November  i2th,  i3th;  plats  10-25  November  5th,  6th;  plats,  26-37  Octo- 
ber 2ist;  plats  38  to  59,  October  24th;  and  plats  60  to  87  October  28th< 
to  29th. 

Table  j. —  In  plats  i  to  25,  one  row,  always  the  middle  row  10  rods 
long,  i-72d  of  an  acre,  and  in  plats  26  to  87  the  west  2/$  of  the  plat  i-6oth 
of  an  acre  was  used  to  ascertain  the  number  and  weight  of  good  ears  and 
nubbins,  and  of  the  shelled  corn  from  each.  The  weights  were  taken  in 
the  field,  as  given  in  table  2,  and  the  corn  used  for  this  purpose  was  re- 
weighed  just  before  shelling.  In  shelling,  any  corn  remaining  on  the  cobs 
was  removed  by  hand.  The  cobs  were  then  weighed.  The  difference 
was  the  weight  of  the  shelled  corn.  From  these  data  the  yield  of  corn: 
per  acre  was  calculated  from  the  field  weights  as  given  in  table  2.  An  aver- 
age pint-sample  of  the  shelled  corn  of  each  variety  was  sent  to  the  Station 
laboratory,  and  the  per  cent,  of  water  ascertained.  From  these  data,, 
there  were  calculated  the  yield  per  acre  of  corn  containing  n  per  cent, 
of  water  and  the  pounds  of  ear  corn,  as  husked,  that  it  would  take  to 
make  a  bushel  of  corn  containing  n  per  cent,  of  water,  which  is  the  per 
cent,  of  water,  approximately,  in  thoroughly  air-dry  corn.  [See  bulletin- 
No.  4,  p.  44.] 

The  corn  was  usually  shelled  within  two  days  of  the  time  it  was 
husked.  The  per  cent,  of  shelled  corn  in  ear  corn  was  calculated  from 
the  field  weights,  thus  obviating  any  error  in  statement  of  yield  per  acre 
which  might  otherwise  have  arisen  from  the  drying  of  the  corn  before 
shelling. 

Table  4. — A  division  into  good  ears  and  nubbins  was  made,  and  the 
calculated  number  per  acre  and  the  average  weight  of  one  hundred  ot 
each  is  given  in  the  table.  What  constituted  a  nubbin  was  a  matter  of 
judgment,  and  varied  with  the  character  of  each  variety. 

Table 5. — Gives  the  summary  of  the  results  obtained  from  the  dent 
varieties  on  82  plats  in  1888,  and  on  the  same  number  in  1889.  The 
division  was  made  strictly  upon  the  observed  date  of  ripening  for  each 
plat.  Different  divisions  sometimes  contain  the  same  varieties  grown  on. 
different  tracts  or  in  different  seasons. 


,238 


BULLETIN    NO.  8. 


[February, 


Ripe  in  2  weeks  ending. 

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1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


239 


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Ripe  in  2  weeks  ending. 


BULLETIN    NO    8. 


First  tassel. 


Circumference,  in. 


[February, 


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Plat. 


1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


241 


TABLE  2.  — FIELD  WEIGHTS,  EAR  CORN,  POUNDS. 
7ract  (a);  Plats,    l/s  acre. 


Plat 

Row  i  . 

Row  2 

Row  3. 

Row  4. 

Row  5. 

Row  6. 

Row  7. 

Row  8. 

Row  9 

Total. 

i 

74  5 

73 

73  5 

73 

66.5 

64 

72-5 

66.5 

78 

641-5 

2 

97 

90 

94  5 

87  5 

'  92  5 

9°  5 

99 

86 

92 

835 

3 

93  5 

96.5 

99  5 

99 

94 

102.  S 

86.5 

9° 

104 

865-5 

4 

94  5 

86  5 

«7  5 

f»7 

89 

86  s 

94 

92 

89  5 

804.5 

5 

99 

98.5 

92  5 

IC2 

94-5 

90 

91 

95 

98-5 

86  1 

6 

77 

75  5 

7i 

70 

/8 

§2.5 

75 

76 

75-5 

680.5 

7 

89  5 

82 

81 

86 

72 

81.5 

77 

58.5 

75 

702.5 

8 

89-5 

83  5 

88  5 

84 

80.5 

82 

75-5 

68.5 

90.5 

742.5 

9 

66 

67 

68.5 

62 

57 

66 

66 

64-5 

62 

579 

10 

85-5 

82 

87.5 

81 

82 

84 

77-51 

78.5 

76 

73° 

ii 

77 

76.5 

78.5 

76.5 

75  5 

80.5 

77-5 

77-5 

77-5 

697 

12 

7° 

7°  5 

78 

79  5 

7.1 

71-5 

69-5 

73 

7i 

647 

!3 

&3  5 

7i 

79 

76.5 

78.5 

86 

75 

75 

85 

709  5 

H 

68 

57-5 

64 

57 

63 

65-5 

67-5 

62 

64 

568.5 

15 

102 

91 

9°-5 

91 

87.5 

83-5 

9°-5 

87 

106.5 

829.5 

16 

85 

93 

9i 

85 

94-5 

92 

84-5 

84 

98.5 

807.5 

17 

88 

9° 

87.5 

83 

86 

79-5 

86 

85-5 

96 

781.5 

18 

74  5 

74 

75 

77  5 

76 

77 

73-5 

73 

75 

675-5 

'9 

83  5 

89.S 

80 

76 

80 

68 

80 

79 

87 

723 

20 

51 

54 

52.5 

52.5 

55 

52 

5o 

55 

56.5 

478.5 

21 

84 

80 

9°-5 

79 

76 

81 

81 

82 

.85-5 

739 

22 

86  ; 

77   5 

78 

77 

85 

qo 

o.1;.  5 

ICK 

604.  5 

23 

****     J 

00.5 

/  /       J 

69  5 

/  ** 

72 

/  / 

68 

J 

70.5 

y 
65-5 

66  5 

j 
74 

64 

^ 
610 

24 

Q2 

82 

81.5 

75-5 

86.5 

76.5 

78 

79-5 

87-5 

739 

25 

«3-5 

80 

79 

So 

74-5 

80 

77 

83-5 

80 

7I7-5 

2055 

I990-5 

202  1 

1956  5 

1965-5 

1984 

i965-5 

!95°  5 

1975 

17863.5 

J'ract  (b)  ;   Plats,   1-40  a  ere. 


S      Each  l/3  of  plat. 

Total. 

2 
5" 

Each  y^  of  plat.      T  t  1 

i      2      3 

i      2      3 

26   62  .  5 

57 

60 

179  5 

57 

55-5 

45-5    53      154 

27   57 

52 

43 

152 

58 

45-5 

52  5  !  46      144 

28   30 

33  5 

31-5 

95 

59 

39 

45 

35      "9 

29 

45-5 

43 

27-5 

1  16 

60 

41-5 

50.5 

39-5 

I3I  -5 

3o 

37-5 

37-5 

37-5 

112.5 

61 

58-5 

61 

63 

182.5 

3' 

39 

34 

32.5 

105-5 

62 

57-5 

62 

55-5 

175 

32 

39  5 

36.5 

42 

118 

63 

57  5 

55 

52 

164.5 

33 

43-5 

40-5    32 

116 

64 

60.5    49 

51 

160.5 

34 

44     52     55-5 

I5I-5 

65 

57  5 

61 

54  5 

173 

35 

27-5    27.5  l  30.5 

85-5 

66 

57 

69 

65 

191 

36 

57     53     61 

171 

67 

69  5 

68 

72 

209.5 

37 

56     5i 

565 

163  5 

68 

76 

67.5 

84-5 

228 

38 

59-5    55     48.5 

163 

69 

85 

80 

83  5 

248.5 

39 

65.5 

63  5    49 

178   |  70 

56.5 

60 

57 

173.5 

40 

53 

45     57 

«55 

71 

46.5 

47-5 

46.5 

140.5 

41 

59-5 

63-5    52.5 

175-5 

•  72 

59  5 

52 

56 

167.5 

42 

46.5 

56  5    49 

152 

73 

79 

68.5 

70 

217.5 

43 

52 

57      52 

161 

74 

61 

55-5 

66  5 

183 

44 

52 

54-5 

41 

147-5 

75 

58.5 

58 

62 

1/8.5 

45 

57-5 

55-5 

54 

167-5 

76 

57 

53-5 

58 

168.5 

46 

47 

i 

56.5 
70.5 

£ 

62 

169-5 
200.5 

? 

52 
49 

56  5 
52 

5i-5 
53 

160 

154 

48 

545    61 

55-5 

171 

79 

57 

59-5 

60.5 

177 

49   5i      60  5    55 

166.5 

80 

39  5 

36.5 

40-5 

116.5 

5°   53     53-5    57 

163.5 

81 

46.5 

47-5 

37 

I31 

68 

65 

76 

209 

82 

18 

24 

18.5 

60.5 

52 

47 

47-5 

47 

141  -5 

83 

49 

49-5 

53-5 

152 

53 

64 

63.5 

60.5 

1  88 

84 

47 

50.5 

54-5 

152 

54 

52 

5°     5*-5 

153-5   85 

71 

68 

77 

216 

55 

55 

63 

73-5 

I91  5 

86 

62.5 

62 

61 

185  5 

56 

58.5 

59 

64 

181.5 

87 

73 

67 

75-5 

215.5 

3353  5 

3352 

3326    '10031.5 

242 


BULLETIN    NO.  X. 


[February. 


Loss  in  drying. 

i-O  O^  *-OOC    ^1"  t"*»  fi  r*"i  ^*  N    r*">  r>.  L/"I 

"-.  C    "5  ••*•         «  X)  NO    ^  -0 

2  "*i8  2""2  i?N'2  £  ;?!?"  <?>x 

o        Total  air-dry  (con- 
taining    II    per 
cent  of  water). 

COONO*>ON       Nt^n-vO-cOON 

NON      r^f>      mONroN 

*O  OO    f"13C    "••    O    *-OCC  O  O  O    d    N    t""*« 
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*«5B^?«*W^ 

c 

o 
0         Total  as  husked. 

•d 

<L> 

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P5               Good  ears. 

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mo  w  *      NO   -   N   o  -, 

^^ONONO^^NO^^.n^O^ 

Pounds    when   husked    to 
make  bushel  shelled  corn 
when  air  dry. 

^        GO    C^  *•*  OO  00    *-^  *•*    ^^    ^"  *"    O^OO 

ON  o\  t-«*oO         ^^   N  vO   *• 

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00  OO  OO  l^1*  ON  r**  ON  C4   r^»  c^ 

Pounds  ear  corn  per  bushel 
when  husked. 

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vO    O1*  *J~iOC    ^  *^   rn  ON  O^1  *^   O    O^OO    C" 

^aR^^^r,f:^K 

Percentage  of  water  in  shell- 
ed corn  when  husked. 

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=     S.s5     i    ^^ 

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Plat. 

IM  M  r^  ^*  in^O  t^X)   ON  O  """  N  ro  ^~ 

i/^vO   t*^00    ON  O   M   N    '•'")  "t1 

i89o.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


243 


ro  r<->  t-~  r<5X)  >O 


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244 


BULLETIN    NO.    8. 


\Feb 


Loss  in  drying. 


Total  air-  dry  (con- 

sO 00 

Tt 

-1 

so   r- 

o 

I-^OO 

PI  SO  SO  OO 

ON  •*  f.sO    ' 

J-  PO  10  ir- 

taining     II     per 
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t-ON 

„ 

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PI  so  oo  oc  oo  - 

—  ir-iOO   P) 

poior^io. 

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Total  as  husked. 

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ro  O 

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r 

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Nubbins. 


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Good  ears. 


P^  PI  O    ONX1    ON 
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-N^6 

t-^vO  O  X 


-  r~,X5 
COO  00 


Pounds  when  husked  to 
make  bushel  shelled  corn 
when  air-dry. 


Pounds  ear  corn  per  bushel 
when  husked. 


Percentage  of  water  in  shell- 
ed corn  when  husked. 


OOO   — 
c/5  "-,  r-i. 

O  OO    O 


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PI    ON  ON  P'*.  ^"    ON  r^  ^  PI    Q    *•  OC  OO    O^OO    *r 

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,     0 


Plat. 


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a..£  $ 


. 

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1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889. 


245 


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246 


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BULLETIN    NO.  8. 

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FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


247 


Experiment  No.  j.     Corn,  Time  of  Planting. 

This  experiment  has  been  conducted  during  the  past  two  seasons  to 
determine  whether  a  variation  in  the  date  of  planting,  within  certain  lim- 
its, would  materially  affect  the  yield  of  the  corn. 

The  corn  was  grown  on  the  same  tract  both  seasons  under  very  much 
the  same  conditions,  as  detailed  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  93.  In  1888  there 
were  seven,  and  in  1889,  eight  weekly  plantings.  As  nearly  equal  cultiva- 
tion with  the  hoe  and  the  cultivator  was  given  as  the  different  dates  of 
planting  would  permit.  There  was  considerable  inequality,  however,  as 
the  following  table  will  show: 

TABLE  SHOWING  DATE  OF  PLANTING;    DATE  OF  CULTIVATION;  IMPLEMENTS  USED. 


Plat. 

Date  of  plant- 
ing. 

Dates  of  cultivation. 

With  hoe. 

With  cultivator. 

1st  time. 

2d  time. 

3d  time. 

4th  time.      5th  time. 

1 

2 
I 

6 

7 
8 

9 

Apr.l  22  .. 
April  29  ..    . 
M  ay  6  ...    . 
May  13  ... 
May  20.  .  . 
May  27.  ..    . 
[une  5  

May  20  ... 
May  27  ... 
June  5  .... 
June  5  .... 
June  13  ... 
June  13  ... 
June  14  ... 
June  24  ... 

May  27.  . 
June  5  ... 
June  13.. 
June  13.. 
June  24.  . 
June  24.  . 
June  24.  . 
June  27.  . 

Tune  13.  . 
June  13.. 
June  24.  . 
June  24.  . 
June  27.  . 
June  27.  . 
June  27.  . 
July  6... 

June  24.  . 
June  24.  . 
June  27.  . 
June  27.  . 
Fuly  6.. 

June  27.  .    July  6. 
June  27.  .    July  6. 
luly  6 

fuly  6 

July  6 

July  6  .. 
July  18 

luly  18 

1  une  i^ 

[ 

All  the  plats  were  hoed  once.  Three  plats  were  cultivated  three  times, 
three,  four  times,  and  two,  five  times.  The  necessity  for  more  cultivation 
in  the  earlier  plantings  was  especially  marked  this  year.  Experiment  No. 
8,  Corn,  Frequency  of  Cultivation,  page  254,  indicates  clearly  that  the 
different  quantities  of  cultivation  would  not  materially  affect  the  result  so 
long  as  the  land  was  kept  equally  free  from  weeds,  and  this  was  done. 

The  table  below  gives  the  stand  of  corn  on  the  various  plats  at  the 
dates  specified.  It  will  be  noticed  that  plats  2  and  3  started  slowly,  espe- 
cially the  latter.  Two  weeks  previous  to  the  time  of  planting  this  plat, 
there  was  practically  no  rain,  and  in  the  two  weeks  following  less  than  two- 
fifths  of  an  inch.  Two  weeks  following  this  over  five  inches  of  rain  fell, 
accompanied  by  very  low  temperature.  See  table  page  219.  This  seems 
to  have  affected  plats  2  and  3  more  unfavorably  than  plat  i.  It  was  notice- 
able throughout  the  season  that  plat  3  was  greener  than  plats  5  and  6,  and 
when  husked  contained  more  water;  that  is,  was  less  mature.  Early 
planting  does  not  always,  therefore,  cause  early  maturity.  In  all  cases  the 
difference  in  the  date  of  maturity  is  fnuch  less  than  the  difference  in  the 
date  of  planting. 


248 


BULLETIN    XO.   8. 


\_February, 


TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  OK  HILLS  AND   NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  ON   EACH  PLAT  AT 

DATES  GIVEN. 


Date 
of  observa- 
tion. 

Number  of  plat  and  date  of  planting. 

I 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Apr.  22 

Apr.  29. 

May   3 

May  13 

May  20 

May  27 

June  5 

Junei3. 

May  6  .... 
May  13..  .  . 
May  20.  .  .  . 
May  27..  .  . 
June  5   ... 
June  13,  14 
June  21  ... 
July  q.  .  . 

\  Hills.... 
"/  Plants  .  . 
j  Hills.  .  .  . 
\  Plants  .  . 
j  Hills.  .  .  . 
1  Plants  .  . 
j  Hills.  .  .  . 
1  Plants  .  . 
\  Hills.  .  .  . 
~\  Plants  .  . 
]  Hills.    .  . 
1  Plants  .  . 
j  Hills.... 
|  Plants  .  . 
j  Hills.  .  .  . 
j  Plants  .  . 

130 
223 

293 
912 

317 
I,  °35 
318 
[,063 

317 
932 
3'8 

I,OOI 

3°9 

1,022 

3'5 
998 

49 
97 
154 
334 
257 
686 
280 
742 
297 
804 
296 
780 
291 
800 

27 
69 
94 
233 
196 
480 
320 
1035 
320 
1,020 
3i8 
997 

42 
91 
273 
757 
307 
897 
312 
1,009 
307 
976 
312 
1,004 

• 

226 
469 
315 
879 

3'7 
901 
320 
928 

315 
907 

319 
991 
320 

1,036 

213 
462 
306 
852 
305 
871 

324 
1,228 

3°7 
1,074 

July  22d,  plat  i  was  pretty  fully  in  tassel;  plat  2  had  an  occasional 
tassel;  the  other  plats  had  none.  August  ist,  plat  t  was  fully  in  tassel; 
plats  2,  3,  and  5,  about  one-half  in  tassel;  plats  6,  7,  and  8,  about  one- 
third  in  tassel;  plat  9  had  an  occasional  tassel.  September  26th,  plat  i 
was  ripe;  plat  2,  nearly  ripe;  plat  3  contained  considerable  soft  corn,  more 
than  plats  5  and  6;  plat  7  had  considerable  soft  corn;  on  plats  8  and  9  the 
corn,  was  mostly  soft.  At  this  date  plats  i  to  6  would  not  have  been  se- 
verely injured  by  frost.  October  9th,  plats  i,  2,  5,  and  6  were  ripe;  plats 
3  and  7  barely  ripe;  plats  8  and  9  were  not  ripe.  The  frost  of  October 
7th  prevented  their  maturing. 

November  23d,  the  corn  was  husked  and  weighed.  A  50 -lb.  sample 
of  ear  corn  was  taken  from  each  plat  and  shelled  to  determine  the  per  cent, 
of  shelled  corn,  and  a  sample  of  this  was  taken  to  determine  the  per  cent, 
of  water. 

The  following  table  gives  the  yield  in  comparison  with  that  of  last  year: 
TABLE  SHOWING  YIELD  OF  CORN  AND  PER  CENT.  OF  WATER  — 1888  AND  1889. 


1888. 


M 

W 

21.      T) 

M 

W 

Bd 

•£•      T 

DO 

2 

T5   £ 

p 

s  *  ^ 

X 

T3    " 

u    " 

p 

Date  of  plant- 

P   0 

£*  O 

OT3 

c  2 

^^s 

^ 

'     1  )ate  of  plant- 

£ ° 

§  2 

O)    ^.    O 

O.  <t  g 

S.2 

ing. 

o-  ^ 

SLso 

-^-13 
0    «.  r^ 

ing. 

i—  3 

o  "*  ft 

^3  P 

. 

•    o 

O    3    ' 

^* 

u 

"       O 

0  3" 

.     o 

if 

a 

3      o, 

3 

2 

« 

?      ° 

o 

I  \pril  22  

4Q7         Co 

21  4 

=>2 

T 

April  27  

c8o     8c.A 

1689 

80 

2  April  29  

460 

53 

2yO 

44 

.  --> 

May  4   .  . 

02  6 

16  ";Q 

86  7 

3Ma\  6   . 

5^4 

61 

7X7 

51 

1 

May   11. 

02  8 

17  48 

86  i 

i;  May  i~\ 

602        68 

26.1 

56 

g 

May  19 

6^?o 

Q2.^ 

ic.Sq 

87  3 

6iMay  20    

CAQ 

61 

27 

5° 

May  26 

600 

88.4 

16  88 

82  s 

7  May  27 

68 

27.8 

55 

;  s 

June  i    

620 

86.0 

17.28 

808 

8  June  5    

S68        6d 

3O.2 

5° 

9 

(une  8   . 

470     596 

2485 

503 

9  June  !3-    

645 

70 

36.2 

1890.]  F1KI.D    i:\PF.KIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889.  249 

Both  seasons,  Burr's  white,  a  medium  maturing  variety,  planted  on 
good  soil  and  given  good  culture,  matured  when  planted  on,  or  prior  to, 
June  ist.  Planted  after  this  date  it  failed  to  mature.  Both  seasons,  six 
weekly  plantings  matured  in  1888,  from  April  2yth  to  June  ist,  and  in 
1889  from  April  22d  to  May  27th;  and,  with  the  exception  of  plat  2  in 
1889,  the  yields  from  the  several  weeks'  plantings  were  strikingly  uniform. 

In  1888,  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  air-dry  corn  from  the  six  ma- 
turing plats  was  a  little  less  than  84  bu.  The  least  yield,  80  bu.,  was  from 
the  first  week's  planting,  April  2-jih  and  the  largest,  87  bu.,  was  from  the 
fourth  week's  planting,  May  igth;  while  the  second  and  third  weeks'  plant- 
ings, May  4th  and  nth,  were  essentially  as  large.  In  1889  the  average 
yield  was  a  little  more  than  51  bu.  The  plat  yielding  the  least,  44  bu.  per 
acre,  was  planted  within  two  days  of  the  same  date  as  the  plat  which  gave 
the  least  yield  in  1888.  The  plat  giving  the  largest  yield  was  planted  a 
week  earlier  than  the  plat  giving  the  largest  yield  in  1888;  and  the  plat 
planted  week  later  also  gave  nearly  as  large  a  yield. 

The  results  of  two  seasons'  experiments  indicate  that  the  yield  of 
corn  is  not  appreciably  affected  by  a  variation  of  five  weeks,  prior  to 
June  ist,  in  the  time  of  planting.  Some  differences  occur  which  seem 
to  be  due  to  certain  variable  conditions  of  weather  rather  than  to  the 
time  of  planting.  Sometimes  the  later  plantings  may  be  properly  culti- 
vated with  less  labor  than  the  early  plantings. 

Experiment  No.  4.      Corn,  Depth  of  Planting. 

May  4,  1888,  six  rows,  each  8  rods  in'length,  were  planted  with  corn 
at  depths  varying  from  i  to  6  in.  May  6,  1889,  six  rows  were  planted  in 
'the  same  manner  and  an  extra  row  was  planted  on  each  side,  so  that  all 
the  rows  under  test  might  be  equally  surrounded  by  corn. 

The  land  was  similar  in  every  respect  to  that  used  in  Experiment  No. 
j,  and  its  prior  culture  had  been  the  same.  There  were  36  hills  in  a  row, 
and  hills  and  rows  were  3  ft.  8  in.  apart.  Four  kernels  of  Burr's  white 
were  planted  in  each  hill.  The  cultivation  of  all  the  rows  was  the  same. 
In  1888,  they  were  hoed  once,  May  26th,  and  cultivated  with  a  shallow 
cultivator  three  times,  June  ist,  i6th,  26th.  In  1889,  they  were  hoed  June 
5th,  and  cultivated  four  times,  June  i3th,  24th,  27th,  July  6th. 

In  1888,  the  shallower  the  corn  was  planted  the  quicker  it  came  up 
and  the  more  evenly  did  every  kernel  grow,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  the  row  planted  3  in.  deep.  In  1889,  the  deep  planted  rows  started  to 
grow  quicker  but  after  four  weeks  they  were  overtaken  by  the  shallower 
planted  rows.  This  is  directly  the  result  of  the  weather.  The  conditions 
were  unusual.  Some  of  these  have  already  been  pointed  out.  The  gen- 
eral fact  was  that  the  ground  was  so  excessively  dry,  until  May  2 ist,  that 
much  of  the  corn  on  the  shallow  planted  rows  was  unable  to  get  suffi- 
cient moisture  for  germination. 

In  i388,  the  corn  which  was  planted  from  i  to  4  in.  deep  was  some- 
what more  forward  than  that  wh'ch  was  planted  5  and  6  in.  deep.  August 


250 


BULLETIN    NO.   8. 


\_Fcbruary 


i,  1889,  the  corn  which  was  planted  4,  5,  and  6  in.  deep  was  more  for- 
ward than  the  shallower  planting,  but  at  later  dates  no  difference  in  ma- 
turity was  discernable. 

In  1888,  the  corn  was  husked  November  2oth  and  weighed  November 
26th;  in  1889,  it  was  husked  November  i6th,  and  weighed  November  i8th. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  for  1888  and  1889: 

TABLE  SHOWING  DEPTH  OF  PLANTING;   EARS  AND  BUSHELS  PER  ACRE;    EARS  PER 

BUSHEL— 1888  AND  1880. 


1888. 

1889. 

Ear  per  acre. 

Bushels 

per  a. 

W 
§ 

Ears  per  acre. 

Bushels  per  a. 

W 
§ 

C 

2 

e 

H 

O 

9 

H 

5' 

O 

3 

q 

H 

O 

as 

e 

H 

3" 

o 

o- 

o 

o 

rr 

0 

cr 

o 

or 

0 

o 

cr 

o 

cr 

CL 

cr 

p 

&. 

g 

g 

c 
a. 

B; 

p 

o 
c- 

— 

P 

w 

- 

3" 

3 

2 

pr 

• 

VI 

1     2. 

in 

2. 

7.290 

3.780     11,070   84 

25  7 

I09.7!lOI 

<;,8so 

4.680 

10,530     59 

24 

8.3 

127 

6  2IO 

3  -420 

9630  67.5 

20  9 

88.4  lOg 

5.400 

4,680 

10,080     56 

27 

83 

121 

6570 

3,870 

10,440  73  527.3 

100.8  104    4,050 

4.140 

8,190     28 

23 

51 

161 

5-*5° 

3,780 

9,630  63  i  24  9 

88.     109    5,400 

4,  140      9  540     58 

29 

87 

IIO 

4.770 
43^0 

3*  5i° 
1,620 

8,280  50  6 
5.940  49  4 

22.5 
10  9 

73  ij"3i  5.400 
60.3!  98'   5  940 

3.420 
4.500 

8,820 
10.440 

58 

63 

23 

29 

81 

92 

109 
"3 

In  1888,  the  largest  yield  was  from  the  row  planted  i  in.  deep;  in 
1889,  from  the  row  planted  6  in.  deep.  In  1888,  the  decidedly  smallest 
yield  was  from  the  row  planted  6  in.  deep,  while  in  1889,  it  was  from  the 
row  planted  3  in.  deep.  In  1888,  the  latter  depth  gave  the  next  to  the 
largest  yield.  In  1888,  the  smaller  yield  was  due  to  the  smaller  number 
of  ears  produced;  In  1889,  it  was  due  both  to  the  smaller  number  of  ears,, 
and  to  their  smaller  size. 

In  neither  year  was  there  any  direct  relation  between  the  depth  of 
planting  and  the  yield  obtained. 

One  fact  referred  to  under  Experiment  No.  54,  Corn,  Root  Growth,  is 
worthy  of  mention  here.  It  was  found  upon  examination  that  at  whatever 
depth  planted,  i,  3,  or  5  in  ,  the  crown  roots  start  to  grow  usually  at  be- 
tween i  to  2  in,  deep.  No  roots  start  at  a  lower  depth,  except  those  grow- 
ing directly  at  the  seed,  and  these  die  after  the  crown  roots  are  established. 
With  this  soil  and  its  last  year's  conditions,  it  seemed  that  nature  required 
that  the  roots  which  were  to  support  the  plant  should  start  to  grow  within, 
2  in.  of  the  surface.  The  reason  for  deeper  planting,  except  to  reach 
moisture  sufficient  to  sprout  the  corn,  is,  therefore,  not  apparent  and  some 
disadvantages  are  manifest.  Of  course  the  corn  raiser  understands  that, 
practically,  it  is  often  necessary  on  uneven  land  to  plant  deep  lest  some  of 
the  corn  may  be  left  uncovered. 

Experiment  No.  j".      Corn,   Thickness  of  Planting. 

This  experiment  was  conducted  to  determine  not  only  the  best  thick- 
ness at  which  to  plant  corn,  but  also  the  best  manner  of  distributing  the 


1890.]  I  IE!. H    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  251 

corn  at  a  given  thickness — whether,  for  instance,  to  plant  3  kernels  every 
42  in.  or  i  kernel  every  14  in. 

The  land  used  was  the  same  both  seasons.  Each  plat  contained 
three  rows  about  six  rods  long  and  five  rods  of  each  was  harvested.  No 
space  was  left  between  plats,  and  extra  rows  were  planted  at  the  ends  of 
the  tracts. 

In  1888,  the  tract  was  spring-plowed  just  before  planting,  which  was 
after  stable  manure,  at  the  rate  of  30  tons  per  acre,  had  been  applied. 
In  1889,  it  had  been  fall-plowed.  May  8,  and  9,  1888,  and  May  2,  1889, 
Burr's  white  was  planted  on  the  twenty-four  plats,  in  quantity  and  manner 
indicated  in  the  tables,  pages  255-6,  with  the  exception  that  in  1888,  instead 
of  plats  of  like  thickness  of  planting  being  adjacent,  plats  containing  the 
same  number  of  kernels  per  hill  were  planted  adjacent.  The  cultivation 
of  all  the  plats  was  the  same.  In  1888,  they  were  hoed  twice,  May  24th, 
and  June  2ist,  and  cultivated  once  with  a  shallow  cultivator;  in  1889, 
they  were  hoed  once,  May  22d  to  25th,  and  cultivated  twice,  June  i4th 
and  26th. 

October  8  to  13,  1888,  and  October  4,5,  1889,  the  plats  were  cut  and 
shocked.  October  13  to  27,  1888,  the  corn-fodder  on  each  plat  was 
weighed,  the  corn  husked  and  weighed,  and  other  datat  obtained  as  given 
in  tables,  pages  255-6.  In  1889,  the  corn  was  husked  from  the  shock, 
November  i4th  to  i6th,  and  the  corn  weighed  and  shelled  November  i8th, 
igth.  The  stover  was  not  weighed  until  December  6th,  with  the  exception 
of  plat  i,  the  corn  of  which  was  husked  and  the  stover  weighed  October 
29th.  A  sample  of  shelled  corn  taken  October  20,  1888,  contained  22.7 
per  cent,  of  water;  a  sample  taken  November  19,  1889,  contained  24.4  per 
cent,  of  water.  The  corn  on  the  different  plats  ripened  equally  so  far  as 
could  be  observed,  and  the  corn  of  the  different  plats  was  assumed  to 
contain  an  equal  per  cent,  of  water. 

The  plats  were  planted  at  six  different  degrees  of  thickness,  as  fol- 
lows: at  the  rate  of  47,520,  23,760,  15,840,  11,880,  9,504,  and  5,940  kernels 
per  acre;  and  for  the  sake  of  brevity  and  clearness  will  be  spoken  of  in 
the  discussions  which  follow,  as  the  first,  second,  third,  etc.,  plantings. 

Number  of  Stalks  Harvested.  The  yield  depends  upon  the  number  of 
stalks  harvested  rather  than  upon  the  kernels  planted.  The  seed  was  of  ex- 
tra quality,  its  germinating  power  being  nearly  perfect.  The  number  of 
stalks  harvested  per  acre  is  given  for  both  seasons  in  the  table  below.  In 

1888,  for  every  one  hundred  kernels  planted,  for  the  six  plantings,  from 
first  to  sixth,  there  were  62,  72,  88,  104,  121,  and  138  stalks  harvested;  in 

1889,  77,  84,  84,  93,  96,  and  105. 

There  were  more  stalks  harvested  in  the  first  two  plantings  and  less 
in  the  last  four,  in  1889,  than  in  1888.  There  was  very  much  less  varia- 
tion in  the  ratio  of  stalks  harvested  to  kernels  planted  in  1889  than  in 
1888.  Apparently  there  was  less  tendency  to  stool  this  season  than  last. 
There  was  a  general  tendency  to  produce  more  stalks  for  the  number  of 


BULLETIN    NO.   8. 


[  February, 


kernels  planted  as  the  planting  was  less  thick,  but  this  tendency  was  not 
so  marked  in  1889  as  in  1888. 

In  1888,  with  the  same  rate  of  thickness  there  were  somewhat  more 
stalks  harvested  for  every  one  hundred  kernels  planted,  where  one  kernel 
was  planted,  than  where  two,  three,  or  four  kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill; 
but  in  1889  there  was  substantially  no  difference  in  the  ratio  of  stalks 
harvested  to  kernels  planted,  whether  one,  two,  three,  or  four  kernels  were 
planted  in  a  hill. 

2 he  weight  of  stalks  and  ears.  The  size  of  stalk  and  ear  for  the 
different  plantings  as  indicated  by  their  weight,  may  be  compared  in  the 
following  table,  giving,  the  summaries  for  the  two  seasons. 

TABLE  SHOWING  STALKS  HARVESTED;  WEIGHT  OF  STALKS,  STOVER,  EARS;  POUNDS 
OF  EARS  TO  100  POUNDS  OF  STOVF.R — 1888  AND  1889. 


1888. 

1889. 

Plantings. 

-a  f 
2  3  £ 

2.  < 

fta     ^ 

S'fea. 

en§£ 

8^ 

o 

F§  r 

-d  ^ 

q  ?  cr 

o  _ 

^KZ 

3^ 

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<     M 

a,  KTO 

O        o 

°  ft 

en         P" 

fp 

ft 

t/3      ""      W 

p     rt>     i± 
S     ££" 

g-8? 

rS   Sw' 
•i   ^j   ^* 

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£!  cr 

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EE^ 

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en 

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•    a. 

nT  en*  " 

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en 

en    «• 

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First  

29,460 

•     61 

4O 

17 

-2 

16,700 

1C 

2\ 

24 

5° 

Second  .... 

17,100 

92 

54 

51 

69 

19,820 

59 

30 

40 

99 

Third  

13  9  j.o 

107 

61 

60 

60 

13  270 

84 

•?6 

C4 

I2Q 

Fourth.    .  .  . 

12,350 

119 

70 

64 

70 

11,100 

IOO 

44 

63 

134 

Fifth  .... 

11,540 

118 

74 

6^ 

60 

9  17° 

114 

52 

67 

1  2O 

Sixth    .  .    . 

8,200 

I  %O 

O7 

7o 

Cl 

6  263 

67 

116 

5_  — 

-*  . 

- 

In  both  seasons  there  was  a  nearly  constant  increase  from  the  thick- 
est to  the  thinnest  plantings  in  the  weight  of  100  stalks  of  stover  and  of 
loo  ears,  the  ears  increasing  in  weight  faster  than  the  stalks.  The  ears 
were  much  heavier  in  the  intermediate  plantings  than  in  the  thickest  plant- 
ings, but  they  were  not  much  heavier  in  the  thinnest  plantings,  than  in  the 
intermediate  plantings,  while  the  increase  in  weight  of  stalk  was  fairly  uni- 
form from  the  thickest  to  the  thinnest. 

The  development  of  the  plant  seems  to  have  depended  mostly  upon 
the  thickness  of  planting  and  but  little  upon  the  method  of  distribution. 
In  1888,  the  ears  were  slightly  larger  when  2  or  3  kernels  were  planted 
than  when  i  or  4  kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill;  while  in  1889,  the  ears 
were  slightly  larger  where  i,  2,  and  3  kernels  were  planted  than  where  4 
kernels  were  planted.  These  differences  were  very  small,  probably  en- 
tirely within  the  limits  of  experimental  variation. 

Numbers  of  ears.  The  number  of  ears  per  acre  materially  affects  the 
cost  of  harvesting  when  husked,  and,  unless  the  yield  is  larger,  the  larger 
number  is  manifestly  objectionable. 

In  1888,  the  average  number  of  ears  per  acre  from  the  first  planting 
was,  approximately,  18,400;  from  the  second,  12,750;  from  the  third, 
10,000;  from  the  fourth,  9,400;  from  the  fifth,  7,600;  and  from  the  sixth, 
6,050.  In  1^89,  there  were  17.175,  14.500,  11,600,  10,100,  8,400,  and 


1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


253 


5,760  ears  per  acre,  respectively.  For  every  100  good  ear?,  there  were, 
in  1888,370,97,51,33,  43,  and  28  nubbins;  in  1889,  there  were  2,335, 
271,  87,  44,  34,  and  37  nubbins,  respectively.  The  very  large  proportion 
of  nubbins  in  the  thicker  plantings  will  be  noticed,  especially  in  1889. 

In  1888,  there  were  more  ears  produced  where  there  was  but  i  kernel 
to  the  hill,  while  with  2,  3,  and  4  to  the  hill,  there  was  but  little  difference 
in  the  number  produced.  In  1889,  the  more  kernels  to  the  hill,  the  thick- 
ness remaining  the  same,  the  more  the  number  of  ears  produced. 

In  i£S8,  for  every  100  stalks  there  were  in  the  first  planting,  62  ears; 
in  the  second,  74;  in  the  third,  72;  in  the  fourth  76;  in  the  fifth,  66;  in 
the  sixth,  75;  while  in  1889  there  were  47,  73,  87,  91,  91,  92  ears,  respect- 
ively, for  every  100  stalks.  In  general  the  thinner  the  planting  the  fewer 
the  barren  stalks,  and  there  were  less  in  1889  than  in  1888. 

Yield.  The  following  table  gives  the  average  yield  for  the  different 
degrees  of  thickness  in  planting: 

TABLE  SHOWING  FOR  1888  AND  1889— YIELD  PER  ACRE  OF  CORN-FODDER,  OF  STOVER, 
OF  GOOD  EARS,  NUBBINS,  AND  POUNDS  OF  EAR  CORN  PER  100  POUNDS  OF  STOVER. 


Plantings. 

1888. 

18? 

H 

ft  w 

T)   r. 
n  o 

—.    n 

p  ZL 

n  ^ 
rt  Cu 

Tons  stover  per 
acre. 

]!u.  shelled 
corn  per  acre. 

Lb.  ear  corn  to 
loo  Ib.  stover. 

*O   o 
n   C 
1-1   -t 

It 

Tons  stover  per 
acre. 

Bu 
corn 

shelled 
per  acre. 

§r 

cr  -s 

£8 

o  2 

<  3 
ft 

^  0 

0 
o 
o 
a- 

-! 

Nubbins. 

o 

o 
SL 

Nubbins. 

HJ 

0 

First  

9 

8 

7-5 
7  5 
6.8 

5-8 

6 
4.8 
44 
43 
4.2 

4 

64 
71 

74 
61 

55 

31 
16 

n 

5 

89 

95 
87 

72 
60 

52 
69 
69 
70 
60 
54 

6  3 
59 
55 
55 
5  2 
36 

4  2 

2  9 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 

62 
76 

71 

48 

50 
29 

17 
n 
8 

61 
86 
91 
93 

56 

50 

99 
129 

134 

120 

116 

Second  

Third  

Fourth  

Fifth  . 

Sixth  

The  total  yield  of  corn-fodder — corn  and  stover— was  greatest  in 
the  thickest  planting  and  gradually  decreased  as  the  stand  became  thinner. 
The  same  was  true  also  of  the  stover;  that  is,  the  residue  left  after  the 
corn  is  husked.  In  1888,  the  largest  yield  of  corn  was  from  the  second 
planting — i  kernel  every  6  in  ,  2  every  12  in,  etc. — while  the  largest 
yield  of  corn  in  1889  was  from  the  third  and  fourth  plantings.  Both  sea- 
sons, the  largest  yield  of  corn  from  good  ears  was  from  the  fourth  plant- 
ing, i  kernel  every  12,  2  every  24  in.,  etc.  This  season  the  difference  in 
favor  of  planting  at  the  third  and  fourth  thickness  over  planting  at  the 
first  and  second  thickness  is  very  marked. 

In  1888,  the  second  planting  produced  8  bu.  more  than  the  fourth,  but 
the  fourth  produced  10  bu.  more  corn  from  good  ears.  To  harvest  an  acre 
of  the  second  planting  would  require  the  husking  of  12,700  ears;  and  to 
harvest  an  acre  of  the  fourth  planting,  9,400  ears,  approximately.  In  1889, 
the  third  planting  yielded  5  and  the  fourth  7  bu.  more  than  the  second 


254  BULLETIN   NO.  8.  [February, 

planting,  while  there  were  26  and  40  bu.  more  from  good  ears.  To  har- 
vest an  acre  of  the  second  planting  would  require  the  husking  of  14,500  ears; 
to  harvest  the  third,  of  11,600  ears;  and  to  harvest  the  fourth,  of  10,100 
ears  per  acre. 

With  the  same  rate  of  planting,  there  was,  in  1888,  a  little  more  corn 
and  considerably  more  corn  from  good  ears  where  two  kernels  were  planted 
to  a  hill.  The  total  yield  of  corn-fodder  was  a  little  greater  where  i  or  2 
kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill,  but  the  yield  was  greater  where  4  kernels 
were  planted,  than  where  3  kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill.  In  1889,  with 
i  to  4  kernels  per  hill,  the  larger  the  number  of  kernels  per  hill  the  greater 
the  yield  of  corn  to  a  slight  extent.  The  average  yield  in  order  of  largest 
to  smallest  number  of  kernels  per  hill  was  83,  82.5,  82,  and  79  bu.  per 
acre.  The  yield  of  corn-fodder  was  about  the  same  whatever  the  number 
of  kernels  per  hill. 

In  these  experiments  planting  at  the  rate  of  i  kernel  every  6  in.  gave 
better  results  than  planting  at  the  rate  of  i  kernel  every  3  in.,  if  the  crop 
was  grown  for  fodder  purposes.  Planting  at  the  rate  of  i  kernel  every  9 
in.  or  i  kernel  every  12  in.  gave  better  results,  if  kernel  was  the  main  ob- 
ject, than  thicker  or  thinner  planting. 

Neither  for  fodder  purposes  nor  for  the  production  of  corn  merely  do 
these  experiments  show  any  material  advantage  in  planting  in  drills  over 
planting  in  hills,  and  this  where  the  cultivation  was  such  as  to  keep  the 
land  equally  free  of  weeds,  whatever  the  method  of  planting.  Taken  as 
a  whole,  there  was  very  little  difference  in  the  results,  whatever  the  methods 
of  distribution  of  the  seed,  so  long  as  the  rate  of  seeding  was  the  same. 
[See  tables  on  two  following  pages.] 

Experiment  No.  8.     Corn,  Frequency  of  Cultivation. 

The  land  used  in  this  experiment  is  the  same  as  that  used  in  the  two 
succeeding  experiments,  and  all  that  relates  to  the  nature  of  the  land,  its 
preparation,  the  planting  of  the  seed,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  crop  will 
be  discussed  here  once  for  all. 

In  the  season  of  1887,  the  land  was  in  mammoth  clover.  In  1888, 
this  experiment,  Experiment  No.  <?,  Depth  of  Cultivation  and  Experiment 
No.  10,  Effect  of  Root-pruning,  were  conducted  on  the  tract  in  the  same 
manner  as  this  year,  with  the  few  exceptions  noted  below.  The  tract  was 
plowed  late,  December  5,  6,  1888.  The  stalks  were  not  removed.  May 
i,  1889,  the  tract  was  cultivated  with  disk  h  irrow  twice,  harrowed, 
smoothed,  with  a  plank,  and  marked.  May  2d,  eight  plats,  each  2x8  rods, 
or  one-tenth  acre  each,  were  planted,  four  kernels  to  the  hill,  with  Burr's 
white. 

In  order  to  observe  the  results  of  different  amounts  of  cultivation.on 
the  yield  of  corn  it  was  arranged  to  cultivate  very  frequently  plat  8  with 
a  deep  cultivator,  the  "John  Deere"  being  ordinarily  used,  and  plat  7  with 
a  shallow  cultivator,  the  "Tower"  being  ordinarily  used:  to  cultivate  plat 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN7,   1889. 


255 


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No.  kernels  planted 
per  plat. 

O   O   O    O    O   totoiototoo   O    O    C    OOCOCOOOOOOOCOC    TT 

ONONONONONTTTTTCOCOCO'CO'CO'N  M  M  M  —  —  —  —  — 

Inches  between  hills. 

COO    ON  N    toO    N  X    T  O    ONOO    l-»O   to  N    TO  OC    to  O    "1  TOO 
—    —          —    —    M    CO         —    MCOT—    MCOT—    COTMT 

X-,,     V  «,.~.»lo  ;       o   Kill                       •-    M    CO  T  to  -    M    CO  T  to  -    N    CO  T  "1  -    N    CO-*-    N    CO-    N  i 

1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


257 


6  with  the  deep,  and  plat  5  with  the  shallow  cultivator,  the  ordinary 
amount  being  given;  and  to  cultivate  plats  3  and  4  as  plats  5  and  6,  except 
that  the  cultivation  was  to  be  continued  past  the  ordinary  time  of  laying 
corn  by.  For  the  purposes  of  comparison  in  Experiment  No.  p,  Depth  of 
Cultivation,  the  weeds  were  removed  from  plat  2  without  any  cultivation 
and  with  the  least  possible  disturbance  of  the  soil;  plat  i  was  hoed  in  the 
ordinary  way  but  not  otherwise  cultivated. 

The  following  table  gives  the  quantity  and  kind  of  cultivation  of  the 
different  plats.  The  cultivation  of  these  plats  was  all  one  way,  as  cross - 
cultivation  was  not  practicable,  since  the  plats  receiving  different  kinds  and 
quantities  of  cultivation  were  adjacent. 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  CULTIVATION  OF  PLATS  IN  EXPERIMENTS  8,  9,  10,  1889. 


Date. 

Plat  I. 

Plat  2. 

Plat  3. 

Plat  4. 

Plat  5. 

Plat  6. 

[Plat  7. 

Plat  8. 

May  25 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

May  28     ... 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  .  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  .    . 

June  1 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

fune  11 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

fune  24.  . 

Hoed   .  . 

Scraped. 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  .  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  .  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  . 

fune  2^        \ 

Hoed 

Hoed 

Hoed 

Hoed 

Hoed 

Hoed 

June  27 

in  row 

in  row 

in  row 

in  row 

in  row 
Shallow. 

in  row 
Deep  . 

June  20 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

Tulv  I 

Hoed   .. 

Scraped. 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  .  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

i"JJ 

Tulv  1 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

•>  y  *  

Tulv  6 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

Tulv  8 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

Tulv  ii 

Shallow. 

Deep  . 

July  16  .  .  .  | 
Tuly   17-18 

Hoed  .. 

Sr-aped. 

Hoed 
in  row 
Shallow. 

Hoed 
in  row 
Deep  .  . 

Hoed 
in  row 
Shallow. 

Hoed 
in  row 
Deep  .  . 

Hoed 
in  row 
Shallow. 

Hoed 
in  row 
Deep  . 

Aueust  2  .  . 

Shallow. 

Deep  .  . 

From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  plat  5  was  cultivated  shallow  and 
plat  6  deep,  four  times, — the  usual  amount.  Plats  3  and  4  were  cultivated 
the  usual  amount,  except  they  were  cultivated  once,  August  2d,  after  the 
usual  time  of  laying  corn  by,  while  plats  7  and  8  were  cultivated  14  times, — 
three  and  one-half  times  the  usual  amount. 

The  latest  pattern  of  the  "Tower"  cultivator  was  used  this  year,  by 
which  it  was  possible  to  get  nearer  the  corn  than  last  year.  At  the  first 
cultivation  the  inner  blades  of  the  cultivator  were  but  6  in.  apart,  and,  as 
the  corn  grew,  the  blades  were  widened  to  8  in.  The  ground  was  stirred 
from  one  to  two  in.  deep,  and  some  of  this  loosened  earth  was  forced  into 
the  rows  thus  ridging  the  ground  somewhat,  often  considerably,  the  amount 
of  course  depending  on  the  way  the  machine  was  handled.  The  space 
midway  between  the  rows  is  often  left  almost  bare  of  loose  dirt,  and  to 
those  accustomed  to  the  work  of  the  deep  cultivator  this  seems  very  un- 
desirable. The  deep  cultivation  would  probably  average  four  in.  deep, 
and  left  the  ground  in  the  usual  ridged  and  uneven  condition.  The  shal 

-6 


258  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February 

TABLE  SHOWING  FOR  1888  AND  1889— CULTIVATION;  YIELD. 


^z 
p 

Kind  of  cultivation. 

1888. 

1889. 

Bu.  per  acre. 

Average 

Bu.  per  acre. 

Average 

I 

2 

3 
4 

I 

8 

Hoed    ordinary  

96 
90 

¥'ll 

«5-2f 

93-81 
84.9  f 
94  .61 
»4-5  I 

77-8 
77.1 
*83.8) 

*79  3  I 
84  6) 
74.2  f 
80.9  ( 
68.  8  y 

None,  weeds  scraped  from  surface  

Shallow,  twice  after  tasseling   

89.7 
89.4 
89.6 

*8i.6 
79  4 
74  9 

Deep,  twice  after  tasseling  

Shallow,  ordinary  

Deep   ordinary     .  .        .        ...        .    . 

Shallow,  frequent  •.  .  . 

Deep,  frequent  

*  Once  after  tasseling. 

DIAGRAM  SHOWING  FOR  1888  AND  1889— CULTIVATION;  AVERAGE  YIELD  PER  ACRE. 

BUSHELS— 75      80     85     90 


1.    Hoed,  ordinary. 

2.    No   Cultivation. 

3.    Shallow,  after  tasselling. 

4.    Deep,  after  tasselling. 

| 

5.    Shallow,   ordinary. 

6.    Deep,   ordinary. 

7     Shallow,  frequent. 

8.    Deep,  frequent. 

1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  259 

low  cultivator  was  more  successful  in  destroying  the  weeds  than  last  year. 
The  deep  cultivator,  however,  removed  the  weeds  more  thoroughly.  To 
remove  effectually  the  weeds,  the  shallow  cultivator  needs  to  be  handled 
with  more  care  and  skill  than  the  deep  cultivator. 

On  account  of  the  cultivation  being  in  but  one  direction,  a  few  weeds 
were  left  in  the  row  by  both  machines.  These  were  removed  with  a  hoe 
June  24th  and  July  i6th,  with  as  little  cultivation  as  possible. 

Field  notes.  May  25,  corn  was  up  fairly,  but  unevenly  on  account  of  the 
preceding  dry  weather.  June  25th,  corn  was  about  equal  on  the  different  plats 
but  rather  variable  on  each  plat.  General  variation  from  12  to  24  in. 
with  an  average  of  about  18  in.  July  xyth,  the  apparent  height  of  corn 
was  3  to  4,y-2  ft.;  height  to  tip  of  leaves  was  5  to  7  ft.  The  corn  was 
rather  high  to  cultivate  especially  on  the  shallow  cultivated  plats,  which 
was  unquestionably  thriftier  and  larger  than  on  the  deep  cultivated  plats. 
August  2d,  all  the  plats  are  from  one-half  to  two-thirds  in  tassel  with  oc- 
casional silks.  The  shallow  cultivated  plats  Nos.  3,  5,  and  7  are  distinctly 
better  than  plats  4,  6,  and  8,  which  were  deep  cultivated.  Plat  3  was  culti- 
vated with  a  one-horse  "Planet  Jr."  cultivator  with  shallow  shovel  attached, 
and  plat  4  with  ordinary  deep  shovels  attached.  All  the  plats  have  but 
few  weeds.  Plat,  2  the  least  of  any.  September  26th,  corn  would  not  be 
materially  injured  by  frost.  The  corn  on  the  different  plats  at  this 
time  looked  much  alike,  except  that  on  plats  7  and  8  it  was  the  small- 
est, as  compared  with  that  on  other  plats  receiving  the  same  kind  of  cul- 
tivation. 

Yifld.  November  i6th,  each  of  the  36  rows  of  9  hills,  or  two  rods 
long,  of  each  plat  was  husked  and  weighed  so  that  the  yield  of  the  pruned 
and  unpruned  rows  might  be  determined  as  explained  under  Experiment 
No.  JO,  Effect  of  Root-Pruning.  The  table  on  page  262  gives  the  weights 
in  detail.  The  table  on  the  opposite  page  gives  a  summary  of  the  results 
for  1888  and  1889,  and  the  diagram  represents  the  average  yield  per  acre 
for  the  two  seasons  on  each  plat. 

In  1888,  there  was,  practically,  no  difference  in  yield  between  the  two 
plats  which  were  given  the  ordinary  amount  of  cultivation,  and  those  which 
were  given  three  times  the  ordinary  amount  of  cultivation;  neither  was 
there  any  better  yield  from  those  plats  which  were  cultivated  twice  after 
the  usual  time  of  laying  corn  by.  This  season,  1889,  those  plats  which 
were  given  the  ordinary  amount  of  cultivation  yielded  4*^  bu.  more  than 
those  that  received  3)^  times  as  much  cultivation;  while  those  that  were 
cultivated  once  after  the  ordinary  time  of  laying  corn  by,  yielded  a 
little  over  2  bu.  more  than  the  ordinarily  cultivated  plats.  It  was 
evident  throughout  the  season  that  plats  7  and  8  were  less  thrifty, 
apparently  on  account  of  the  too  frequent  cultivation.  There  were  no 
less  weeds  on  plats  3  and  4  this  season  on  account  of  their  later  cultiva- 
tion last  year. 


260  BULLETIN   NO.  8.  [February, 

Experiment  No.  p.      Corn,  Depth  of  Cultivation. 

Everything  relating  to  the  care  of  the  crop  in  this  experiment  has- 
been  discussed  under  Experiment  No.  8. 

In  1888,  the  three  plats  which  were  cultivated  with  a  shallow  cultiva- 
tor, one,  four  times  during  the  season;  one,  four  times  during  the  season 
and  twice  after  tasseling;  and  one,  twelve  times  during  the  season,  yielded 
about  94,  94,  and  94.5  bu.  per  acre,  respectively;  while  the  plats  cultivated 
with  the  ordinary  deep  cultivator  with  corresponding  frequency,  yielded  85 , 
85,  and  84.5  bu.  per  acre,  respectively.  An  average  of  9  bu.  per  acre  more 
grew  on  the  shallow  cultivated  plats  than  on  the  deep  cultivated  plats. 
Plat  2,  which  received  no  cultivation,  but  had  the  weeds  removed  by  scrap- 
ing the  surface  with  a  sharp  hoe  with  the  least  possible  disturbance  of  the 
soil,  yielded  at  the  rate  of  90  bu.  per  acre,  4  bu.  below  the  yield  of  the 
shallow  cultivated  plats,  and  5  bu.  above  the  deep  cultivated;  and  plat  i 
hoed  in  the  ordinary  manner  yielded  96  bu.  to  Fhe  acre,  or  a  little  more 
than  the  plats  which  were  cultivated  shallow  with  the  machine;  that  is,  the 
shallow  cultivation  in  this  case,  was  better  than  no  cultivation,  and  no  cul- 
tivation was  better  than  deep  cultivation. 

This  season,  1889,  although  the  yields  are  not  so  high  on  account  of 
the  less  favorable  weather,  the  average  yield  of  shallow  cultivated  plats 
exceeded  that  of  the  deep  cultivated  almost  exactly  the  same  amount  as 
in  1888 — 9  bu.  The  three  plats  which  were  cultivated  with  a  shallow  cul- 
tivator, one,  four  times;  one,  four  times  during  the  season  and  once  after 
tasseling;  and  one,  fourteen  times  during  the  season,  yielded  about  85,  84. 
and  81  bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  an  average  of  a  little  more  than  83  bu.; 
while  the  plats  cultivated  with  the  ordinary  deep  cultivator  with  corres- 
ponding frequency  yielded  about  74,  79,  and  69  bu.,  respectively,  average 
of  a  little  more  than  74  bu.  per  acre.  Plat  2,  this  season,  which  again 
received  no  cultivation,  yielded  77  bu.  per  acre,  which  is  3  bu.  more 
than  the  deep  cultivated  plats,  and  6  less  than  the  shallow  cultivated  plats; 
and  plat  i,  hoed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  yielded  less  than  a  bushel  per 
acre  more  than  plat  2,  which  received  no  cultivation.  Last  season  the  plat 
hoed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  but  receiving  no  other  cultivation,  gave  the 
largest  yield;  this  season  the  plat  cultivated  shallow  the  ordinary  number 
of  times  gave  the  largest  yield. 

The  fact  that  both  seasons  i-io  of  an  acre  plat,  which  had  no  cultiva- 
tion after  the  corn  was  planted,  the  weeds  being  removed  by  scraping  the 
surface  with  a  sharp  hoe,  yielded  more  than  the  average  of  the  deep  cul- 
tivated plats,  and  with  one  exception,  more  than  any  one  of  the  deep  cul- 
tivated plats,  is  a  matter  worthy  of  careful  consideration.  One-half  of  each 
of  the  plats  under  discussion  was  root-pruned,  from  the  effect  of  which, 
as  explained  under  Experiment  No.  10,  the  plat  receiving  no  cultivation 
suffered  most.  An  examination  of  the  table,  page  262,  will  show  that  com- 
paring the  unpruned  half  of  each  plat,  the  uncultivated  plat  makes  even 
a  better  showing.  In  1888,  this  portion  of  the  uncultivated  plat  yielded 


1890.]  I  I  K.LI)    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  261 

•94  bu.  per  acre;  the  average  yield  of  that  of  the  deep  cultivated  plats  was 
£7  bu.;  and  that  of  the  three  shallow  cultivated  plats  96  bu.  per  acre.  In 
1889,  the  yield  from  this  portion  of  the  uncultivated  plat  was  about  86 
bu.  per  acre,  from  that  of  the  three  deep  cultivated  plats,  80.5  bu.;  and  from 
that  of  the  three  shallow  cultivated  plats,  89  bu. 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  in  this  soil  very  good  crops  of  corn  may 
be  raised  with  no  stirring  of  the  soil  after  the  corn  is  planted,  if  the  weeds 
are  thoroughly  removed.  Ordinary  cultivation  stirs  the  ground  and  kills 
the  weeds.  These  experiments  strongly  indicate  that  for  this  soil  at  least, 
the  thorough  destruction  of  weeds  is  the  most  important. 

Experiment  No.  10.     Corn,  Effect  of  Root-Pruning. 

Every  other  row  of  the  thirty-six  rows,  two  rods  long,  of  each  of  the 
•3  plats  described  in  Experiment  No.  8,  was  root-pruned  4  in.  deep. 

The  object  was  to  cut  the  corn  roots  at  the  distance  from  the  hill  and 
to  the  depth  which  an  ordinary  so-called  deep  cultivator  would  break 
them,  but  without  disturbing  the  soil,  so  that  it  might  be  determined 
whether  such  mutilation  of  the  roots  by  the  cultivator,  without  reference 
to  the  stirring  of  the  soil,  was  harmful. 

After  some  observation  and  measurements,  it  was  decided  that  6  in. 
from  the  hill  would  be  a  fair  distance  at  which  to  sever  the  roots.  A  frame 
one  foot  square,  therefore,  was  placed  over  the  hill  and  a  knife,  to  which 
was  attached  a  guage,  was  drawn  along  the  edge  of  the  frame.  In  1888, 
the  root-pruning  was  only  3  in.  deep,  and  it  was  found  that  although  the 
unpruned  portion  gave  the  largest  yield  in  every  instance,  the  average  dif- 
ference was  not  very  large,  being  4  bu.  per  acre  in  favor  of  the  unpruned 
portion.  A  careful  examination  of  the  roots  of  several  growing  corn 
plants  showed  that  three-fourths  of  the  roots  would  not  have  been  broken 
by  root-pruning  or  cultivating  3  in.  deep.  It  was  decided,  therefore,  to 
root-prune  4  in.  deep  this  season. 

The  corn  was  root-pruned  three  times,  at  about  the  time  of  the  first, 
second,  and  fourth,  or  last,  ordinary  cultivations.  At  the  first  pruning, 
May  28th,  the  corn  was  just  fairly  started.  At  the  second  pruning,  June 
25th,  26th,  the  corn  would  average  about  18  in.  high.  At  the  third  prun- 
ing, July  nth  to  isth,  the  height  of  the  corn  was  3  to  4  ft.  The  growth 
of  the  corn  being  unusually  slow,  the  season  of  cultivation  was  much 
prolonged. 

The  first  difference  between  the  pruned  and  unpruned  rows  was  noted 
July  5th,  at  which  time  the  pruned  rows  were  plainly  smaller,  although  the 
difference  was  not  great.  July  i8th,  the  pruned  rows  were  distinctly 
smaller  than  the  unpruned  rows.  August  2d,  the  difference  between  the 
pruned  and  unpruned  rows  was  not  so  distinct  as  July  5th,  or  i8th. 

September  26th,  when  the  corn  was  practically  ripe,  the  pruned  rows 
could  not  be  distinguished  from  the  unpruned  with  any  certainty. 

Difficulty  was  experienced  in  root-pruning  to  the  proper  depth  plats  3 
•to  8  on  account  of  the  ridging  of  the  soil  along  the  row  by  the  cultivator. 


262 


BULLETIN    NO.  8. 


In  these  plats  the  last  root-pruning  was  undoubtedly  somewhat  less  than 
4  in.  as  compared  with  the  general  level  of  the  ground.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  ordinary  deep  cultivator  would  have  a  tendency  to  go  somewhat  deeper 
than  usual  at  the  last  cultivation  on  account  of  the  space  between  the  rows 
being  somewhat  lowered  by  previous  cultivation.  The  results  plainly  indi- 
cate that  the  root-pruning  was  less  effective — less  fully  accomplished — on 
plats  3  to  8  than  on  plats  i  and  2  where  the  surface  was  level  throughout 
the  season. 

The  yields  of  eighteen  pruned  and  unpruned  rows  are  compared  in 
detail  below.  A  careful  examination  of  this  table  by  those  interested  in 
this  subject  is  asked.  The  uniformity  with  which  the  unpruned  exceeds 
in  yield  the  pruned  is  proof  of  the  direct  effect  of  the  root-pruning.  A 
summary  of  the  results  of  both  seasons'  work  is  given  further  on. 


TABLE  SHOWING  EFFECT  OF  ROOT-PRUNING,  YIELD,  POUNDS  OF  EAR  CORN. 


Row. 

PJat  I. 

Plat  2. 

Plat  3. 

Plat  4. 

Plat  5. 

Plat  6. 

Plat  7. 

Plat  8. 

•j 
«j 

3{ 
« 
' 
' 

'1 
« 

'i 
J 

"1 

12 
13 

,4 

"1 
16 

i7 

,s| 

Pruned    

II  .25 
19  25 
13 
19  5 
13  5 
15-75 
15-25 
18  5 
»5-75 
15-75 
16.5 
19  25 

14  75 
17  5 
9 
15 
H  25 
20.75 
16.25 
18.25 
H  25 

i5 
14  25 

17-25 
13  75 
15-5 
ii 

H  75 
13  25 
18.5 
13-75 
M  5 
13-75 
15-25 
ii  75 
13  25 

10-75 

20 

15  5 
19  5 
14-25 
18 

'3  75 
18-75 
'3-5 
18.25 

'5 

22 
15    25 

14  5 
11,5 

1.8.5 
16.5 
18.5 
ii  5 
14  5 
13-5 
ii  75 
ii  25 

17-5 
H  5 
18.25 

14 
13 

12 

15-75 

15  75 
13-5 
10.25 
15.25 
12.25 
15  25 

12-5 
20.25 

13  75 
19-75 
H-75 
18 
18.25 
'7-5 

^'5 
16.75 
18 
18.25 

20 
16-75 

12  75 
15 

15-75 
21.75 

13 
15 

i3-25 
16.75 
13-5 
19  25 
14  75 
17-75 
i6.75 
13-5 
14-5 
23  25 
16  5 
18 

14-5 
14  5 

15  75 
'7  75 

16.5 
18.25 

17 
185 
H  25 
19  25 

13-75 
19  25 
15 
18.75 
16  5 
18 
14  25 
16.75 
13 
13-75 
15 
17  25 
16 
16.25 

12 

16.75 

12 

I5-25 
14   25 

i5  5 
12  75 
H  75 
i5 
16  75 
IS  5 
16.5 
12.25 

14-25 
12.75 
15  25 

16 
19-25 
13-5 
18.5 

15  5 
I9-25 
16.5 
16.5 
17-25 
19  75 
15-75 
19  25 
14 
17-5 
16.25 
17.25 
18 
19.25 
14 
18.5 
16.5 
14.75 
14 
18-75 
14  5 
20.25 

15 
18 

H  75 

20 

H  5 

18.5 

14.25 
17.5 

15  5* 

17-25 

13 

H  75 
13-5 

i7 
H  5 
18  5 
15  5 
15-25 
13-5 
15  75 

12 
15    25 

13 

14 

*l'* 

16 

13  5 
16.5 

13 

14  25 

12   25 

14 

13  75 
14 
14  75 
16 

12 

17.25 
12.25 

18 
14  25 
15  75 
ii  75 
14-75 
'4 
18 

15.25 
15-25 
13-5 
14-25 

12 

16 
12.75 
17.25 
ii.  5 
«5 
H 
19-25 
H.75 
i6.75 
14 
18 

15.5 
15 

15.75 
17.75 
'45 
14-75 
'5-75 
17 
H  25 

17.5 

«5«S 

18.5 

17  75 
20 

i?  75 
15  75 
17-5 
15-75 
'5 
19 

9  5 
H 
H5 
J5  5 
1  1 

U 

12 

'4-5 
13 
14 
13 
>5 
»'  5 

13    2> 

15  25 
12  75 
14 
17-5 
»3  5 
13 
10.75 
H  75 

12 

»5-25 
!2    5 
15 
12-5 

16 

•05 

14  5 
12  5 

15-5 

12  5 

16  25 

12  5 

14 

Unpruned  

Pruned    

Unpruned    

Pruned  

Unpruned    

Pruned         ...        ...          . 

Unpruned  

Pruned  

Unpruned   

Pruned         

Unpruned  

Pruned     

Unpruned       

Pruned   

Unpruned   

Pruned    

Unpruned   

Pruned     

Unpruned           

Pruned  

Unpruned    

Pruned     .    . 

Unpruned  

Pruned    

Unpruned  

Pruned  

Unpruned   

Pruned  

Unpruned    

Pruned     

Unpruned   

Pruned    

Unpruned   

Pruned    

Unpruned  

Total,  Pruned    

244  25 
303  5 

241 

302  25 

270.75257  75 
3>9  75301 

275-75 
320.25 

238 

285 

267 
302.75 

220 

264  75- 

Unpruned  

1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


263 


TABLE  SHOWING  EFFECT   OF   ROOT-PRUNING;    YIELD  IN  BUSHELS  PER  ACRE  FROM 
PRUNED  AND  UNPRUNED  PARTS  OF  PLATS  WITH  DIFFERENCE. 


1888. 

i 

1889. 

D 

Kind  of  cultivation. 

Pruned. 

Unpruned. 

Diflerence. 

_ 
2 

3 

n 
•~ 

Unpruned. 

Difference. 

Hoed,  ordinary    

92.3 

98.2 

5  Q 

60 

86  2 

16  8 

2 

None,  weeds  scraped  from  surface  

8;.  <; 

O4 

55 

68  /i 

8q  8 

17.4 

? 

Shallow,  twice  after  tasseling  

Q?     4 

QC     "J 

I    Q 

*?6    Q 

*qo  8 

17  Q, 

4 

Deep,  twice  after  tasseling  

8s.  2 

86  6 

I   4 

*7VT 

*8i;  4 

12    I 

5 

Shallow,  ordinary  

Ql 

Q7 

6 

78  7 

OO    Q 

12   6 

6 

Deep,  ordinary  

83.2 

87 

3  8 

67.6 

80   Q 

13   3 

- 

Shallow,  frequent  

92.8 

QS   S 

2    7 

7^.8 

8;.o 

IO    I 

s 

Deep,  frequent   

8?.  2 

86  9 

^    7 

62   4 

7C    2 

12   8 

Average.      

88  3 

92  5 

4.2 

7'-5 

85.i 

13.6 

*  Once  after  tasseling. 

It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  owing  to  the  root-pruning  being 
but  3  in.  deep  in  1888,  which  only  severed  a  small  portion  of  the  roots, 
the  difference  between  the  pruned  and  unpruned  parts  was  not  large,  but 
that  it  was  always  in  favor  of  the  unpruned  part.  This  season,  with  the 
pruning  4  in.  deep,  the  average  difference  in  favor  of  the  unpruned  por- 
tion was  13.6  bu.  The  least  difference  in  any  plat,  the  frequently  shallow 
cultivated  plat,  was  10  bu.;  while  the  greatest  difference  in  any  plat,  the 
one  that  had  no  cultivation,  was  nearly  17.4  bu.  The  greatest  decrease  in 
yield  from  root-pruning  was  about  one-fifth,  the  least  about  one-eighth, 
and  the  average  about  one-sixth.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  de- 
crease in  yield  was  directly  due  to  cutting  the  roots.  There  can  be  no 
doubt,  also,  that  on  account  of  the  levelness  of  the  surface  the  pruning  to 
the  desired  depth  (4  in.)  was  more  fully  accomplished  on  plats  i  and  2 
than  on  the  other  plats;  and  on  these  the  decrease  in  the  yield  this  season 
was  one-fifth. 


Experiment  No.  54.     Corn,  Root  Growth. 

As  stated  in  bulletin  No.  4,  the  particular  object  of  inquiry  in  this 
experiment  was  to  ascertain  the  number  of  the  roots  of  corn,  and  their 
depth  at  the  points  where  they  are  likely  to  be  disturbed  by  cultivation, 
and  what  proportion  of  all  the  roots  was  likely  to  be  so  injured. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  roots  of  nine  plants  examined  in  1888  was 
given  in  bulletin  No.  4,  of  which  the  following  is  a  summary: 

Nine  plats  which  averaged  12  in.  high  to  tip  of  highest  leaf  had  altogether  94  root's, 
or  an  average  of  over  10  apiece.  The  longest  root  traced  was  35  in.,  the  plant  being  22 
in.  high.  A  plant  4^  in.  high  had  a  root  13  in.  long.  Twenty-four  roots  were  examined 
at  6  in.  from  their  base.  One  was  4^  in.  deep;  five,  4  in.;  twelve,  3^  in.;  one  2^  in.; 
four,  2  in.;  and  one,  ^  in.,  at  this  distance  from  the  base  of  the  root.  Three-fourths  of 
the  roots,  therefore,  would  not  have  been  broken  by  root-pruning  or  cultivating  3  in. 
deep;  but  all  except  one  would  have  been,  at  4  in. 


264  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February, 

April  29,  1889,  75  kernels  of  Burr's  white  were  planted  in  a  row  on  a 
black  prairie  loam  which  had  been  rather  deeply  spring-plowed.  The 
kernels  were  planted  singly  3  ft.  apart,  at  depths — y$,  i  in.;  l/z,  3  in.;  ^3, 
5  in.  The  corn  came  up  slowly,  especially  that  shallower  planted.  May 
i4th,  no  plants  were  up  when  planted  i  in.  deep,  n  were  up  at  3  in.,  19 
were  up  at  5  in. 

Seven  plats  were  examined  with  the  results  as  given  in  the  table.  In 
numbering  roots  of  each  plant  the  primary  root  is  marked  o.  The  follow- 
ing are  additional  data. 

Plant  i.  Examined  May  2ist.  Planted  I  in.  deep.  Three  inches  high  to  tip  of  leaf. 
Two  leaves  expanded,  the  third  showing.  This  plat  had  seven  roots,  besides  a  whorl 
of  three  roots  just  starting.  This  last  whorl  was  about  ij^  in.  above  the  other  whorl  or 
whorls. 

Plants.  Examined  May  2ist.  Planted  I  in.  deep.  One  in.  high.  Leaves  not  sprouted. 
This  plant  had  5  roots. 

Plant  j.  Examined  May  2ist.  Planted  3  in.  deep.  Apparent  height,  5  in.  Height 
to  tip  of  tallest  leaf,  9  in.  Four  leaves  expanded,  fifth  showing.  Roots,  14.  Four  were 
clustered  about  primary  root,  and  9  were  in  a  whorl  or  whorls  ^  in.  above. 

Plant  4.  Examined  May  22d.  Planted  5  in.  deep.  Apparent  height,  5  in.  Height 
to  tip  of  tallest  leaf,  9^  in.  Five  leaves  expanded,  sixth  leaf  showing.  Roots,  12.  Three 
were  clustered  about  primary  root,  and  8  were  in  a  whorl  or  whorls  2%  in.  above  lower 
whorl. 

Plant  j".  Examined  June  I5th.  Planted  I  in.  deep.  Height  to  tip  of  leaf,  9  in. 
Roots,  15.  The  primary  root  was  dead  at  i  j^  in.  from  base.  The  4  roots  of  the  first  or 
seminal  whorl  [not  given  in  table]  were  traced  io^£,  8,  3^,  and  I  in  ,  respectively,  at 
which  point  they  were  broken.  The  crown  or  first  nodal  whorl  was  ^  in.  above  the  semi- 
nal whorl  and  the  stem  between  these  whorls  was  about  1-16  in.  in  diameter,  while  above 
the  first  nodal  whorl,  the  stem  was  3-16  by  ^  in.  in  diameter. 

Plant  6.  Examined  June  I5th.  Planted  3  in.  deep.  Height  to  tip  of  tallest  leaf,  15 
in.  Primary  root  dead  at  3  in.  from  base.  Seminal  whorl  had  four  roots  which  were  only 
partially  traced.  There  were  15  roots  at  the  crown,  which  is  i^  in.  above  the  seminal 
whorl.  The  stalk  between  these  points  is  about  1-16  of  an  in.  in  diameter,  while  above 
the  crown  the  stalk  is  fa  by  Yt  in.  in  diameter.  The  roots  at  the  crown  seem  to  be  dis- 
tributed into  about  4  whorls.  Counting  from  the  bottom,  the  first  and  second  whorls  have 
4  each;  the  third,  5;  and  the  fourth.  2, — the  latter  just  starting.*  Ten  of  the  crown  roots 
were  traced  as  given  in  the  table. 

Plant  7.  Examined  June  I5th.  Supposed  to  have  been  planted  5  in.  deep,  but  seed 
was  found  4  in.  below  surface.  Height  to  tip  of  tallest  leaf,  21^  in.  Primary  root,  14  in. 
long,  went  almost  straight  down,  and  had  a  large  number  of  rootlets.  Seminal  whorl 
had,  besides,  3  roots,  all  broken.  The  distance  between  the  seminal  whorl  and  the 
crown  or  nodal  whorls  was  2^  in.  The  stalk  between  these  points  was  about  1-16  of  an 
in.  or  about  the  size  of  an  average  root.  Above  the  crown  the  stalk  was  ^  by  ^jj  in.  in 
diameter.  There  were  21  roots  at  or  above  the  crown,  which  seemed  to  constitute  4  to  5 
whorls,  and  occupy  a  vertical  space  of  ^  in.  The  roots  of  the  upper  whorls  were  con 
siderably  larger  than  those  of  the  lower.  Nineteen  roots  were  traced  as  given  in  the  table. 

Plant  8.  Five  roots  of  a  corn  plant,  the  seed  of  which  wns  planted  5  in.  deep,  were 
traced  September  2Oth,  when  the  corn  was  nearly  mature.  Their  lengths  were  30,  42, 
55,  52,  and  48  in.,  respectively.  The  depth  at  the  end  of  the  first  four  was  19,  n,  12, 
and  27  in.,  while  the  last  mentioned  went  downward  48  in. 


1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


265 


TABLE  SHOWING  THE  LENGTH,  THE  DEPTH  AT  THE  END,  AND  AT  6  IN.  FROM  THE 
PLANT,  OF  78  ROOTS  BELONGING  TO  7  CORN  PLANTS  EXAMINED  IN  1889. 


p 

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*Broken  at  that  poinl.         tDead  at  that  point. 

Summary. — In  1889,  of  the  seven  corn  plants  planted  April  29th,  4  aver- 
aging from  5  to  6  in.  high  were  examined  May  2  ist  and  22d,  and  3,  averag- 
ing i5?n.  high  were  examined  June  i5th.  These  7  plants  had  97  roots  of 
which  78  were  traced,  with  a  few  exceptions,  throughout  their  entire  length. 
Forty  eight  roots  were  examined  at  6  in.  from  their  base.  At  this  point 
the  depths  were  three,  2  in.  deep;  one,  2^  in.;  seven,  3  in.;  three,  3^2  in.; 
seventeen,  4  in.;  two,  4^  in.;  five,  5  in.;  two,  5^  in.;  five,  6  in.;  three 
went  straight  down. 


266  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February, 

Rather  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  roots  would  not  have  been 
broken  by  root-pruning  or  cultivating  3  in.  deep;  nearly  two  thirds  would 
have  been  broken  at  4  in.  deep.  Over  one  third  were  4  in.  deep  at  6  in. 
from  their  base. 

Another  point  brought  out  by  these  examinations  was  that  the  roots 
(except  the  seminal  ones,  those  at  the  seed,  which  afterwards  die)  start 
usually  at  from  i  to  2  in.  from  the  surface  without  reference  to  the  depth 
at  which  the  seed  has  been  planted.  In  case  the  seed  is  planted  deeper 
than  this,  the  stem  issimply  elongated  between  the  first  or  seininal 
whorl  and  the  second  or  first  nodal  whorl.  The  stem  between  these  points 
is  usually  about  1-16  in.  in  diameter,  while  above  the  second  whorl  the 
stem  is  oval,  and  in  plants  15  in.  high  is  about  ^  in.  in  diameter.  It  would 
seem  from  this  that,  unless  necessitated  by  dryness,  nothing  would  be 
gained  by  planting  over,  say,  3  in.  deep.  Deeper  planting  would  only 
require  of  the  plant  extra  force  and  time  to  reach  a  position  where  the 
roots  which  eventually  nourish  the  plant  will  grow. 

Experiment  No.  23.     Rotation  with   Corn,  Oats,  and  Meadow;   Corn  and 
Oats  compared  with  continuous  culture  of  Corn. 

This  experiment  is  introduced  here,  on  account  of  its  bearing  upon 
the  question  of  the  application  of  fertilizers  for  the  production  of  corn. 

Briefly,  ten  half-acre  plats,  5x16  rods,  have  been  cropped  during  the 
past  14  years  as  follows.  Plats  i,  2,  and  3  have  been  in  corn  continuously; 
plat  4  in  corn  and  oats  alternately;  and  plats  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  and  10  have  had 
this  rotation:  Corn,  2  years;  oats,  i  year;  meadow,  clover,  timothy,  or 
both,  three  years. 

From  plats  i,  2,  and  3  both  corn  and  stalks  have  been  removed. 
Plat  i  has  had  a  liberal  application  of  stable  manure  each  year.  There 
was  applied  per  acre  in  1888,  about  20  tons  of  stable  manure,  and  in  1889, 
a  little  over  28  tons.  Plat  3  has  had  no  fertilizer  of  any  kind  applied. 
Up  to  1881,  plat  2  had  an  occasional  application  of  commercial  fertilizers, 
but  none  since.  May  17,  and  18,  1888,  two  weeks  after  corn  was  planted, 
and  after  it  was  well  up,  the  following  fertilizers  were  applied  along  the 
row,  care  being  taken  not  to  have  them  come  in  contact  with  the  corn. 

Dissolved  bone-black 150      Ib. 

Muriate  of  potash 50       " 

Sulphate  of  ammonia 62.5    " 

In  1889,  a  similar  application  of  fertilizers  was  made  with  the  excep- 
tion that  sulphate  instead  of  muriate  of  potash  was  used.  It  was  applied 
broadcast  May  3d,  four  days  after  the  corn  was  planted. 

The  half-acre  which  had  been  manured  thirteen  years  successively 
with  stable  manure,  yielded  in  1888  about  one-fourth,  and  in  1889,  after 
another  liberal  application  of  stable  manure,  about  three-fourths  more 
than  the  unfertilized  half-acre  which  has  raised  corn  continuously  for  14 
years.  Plat  2,  to  which  the  commercial  fertilizers  were  applied,  yielded 


1890.] 


I  [I  I. H    KXI'KRIMKNTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


267 


in  1888,  about  one-twentieth,  and  in  1889,  one  sixteenth  more  than  the  un- 
fertilized plat. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  for  1888  and  1889: 

TABLE  SHOWING  FOR  1888  AND  1880  RESULTS  IN  ROTATION  EXPERIMENT. 


Plat 

Crop  grown,  1888. 

Bushels 
per  acre. 

Stover, 
straw,  hay, 
p'r  acre.lb. 

Crop  grown,  1889. 

Bushels 
per  acre. 

Stover, 
straw,  hay, 
p'r  acre,lb. 

l 

Corn  

68  7 

4,640 

Corn  

77.4 

2 

Corn.        

C7     4 

7,840 

Corn  .    . 

ic  o 

- 

Corn  

54   1 

2,  57"? 

Corn  

43    2 

A 

Corn  

49  "> 

7,070 

Oats  

7.7  4 

1,  77s 

e 

Oats     

48  6 

2.  14"; 

Medium  clover. 

8080 

I 

Oats  

48 

i,66c. 

Medium  clover  

6  66; 

7 

Mammoth  clover. 

3'°>° 

Mammoth  clover.. 

^,O6O 

i 

Medium  clover. 

^045 

Corn..        .... 

c.6   4 

Corn  . 

61  2 

7  1  20 

Corn.. 

CQ    1 

10 

Corn  

3-750 

Oats  

5') 

3/>5° 

At  35.7  cents  per  bushel,  the  average  farm  price*  of  corn  in  Illinois 
during  12  years  (1876-1887),  the  increase  in  yield  per  acre  of  the  half  acre 
treated  with  stable  manure  would  be  worth  $5.14  in  1888,  and  $12.21  in 
1889.  From  the  plat  treated  with  commercial  fertilizers  the  increase  in 
yield  per  acre  would  be  worth  $i.n  in  1888,  and  96  cts.  in  1889.  The  cost 
per  acre  for  such  an  application  of  commercial  fertilizers  at  business 
centers,  such  as  Chicago,  would  be  about  $10. 


Experiment  No.  I  r.      Corn,  Effect  of  Fertilizers.      [Large  Plats.  .] 

The  trials  reported  under  this  number  are  substantially  similar  to 
those  reported  under  Experiment  No.  24,  except  that  these  were  on  a  larger 
scale,  being  on  half-acre  plats  while  those  under  Experiment  No.  24  were 
on  i-ioth  and  i-2oth  acre  plats.  It  is  the  belief  of  the  writer  that  the 
results  from  the  smaller  plats  are  the  more  accurate,  because  the  condi- 
tions of  the  soil,  planting,  cultivation,  and  harvesting  were  altogether 
more  uniform;  and  the  results,  therefore,  from  whatever  point  of  view,  are 
more  useful.  Obviously  the  size  of  the  plat  is  immaterial  so  long  as  the 
conditions  under  which  the  experiment  is  conducted  are  uniform.  While 
it  depends  somewhat  on  the  nature  of  the  experiment,  in  the  judgment 
of  the  writer  more  accurate  results  can  be  obtained  with  i-ioth  acre  plats 
in  most  cases  than  with  acre  plats. 

Three  tracts  were  used  in  this  experiment.  Tracts  (a)  and  (£)  each 
contain  nine  plats  2x76  rods  and  are  on  the  south  University  farm.  Tract 
(c)  contains  six  plats  each  4  x  20  rods  and  is  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  W.  W. 
Bowler,  Flora,  Clay  Co.,  111. 

Tract  (0)  was  fertilized  in  1888  only,  after  having  raised  corn  two 
years  previously.  Tract  (b}  was  adjacent  to  tract  (a)  and  was  fertilized 
in  1889,  after  having  raised  corn  three  years.  The  land  was  uneven,  be- 
ing high  in  some  places  and  low  in  others.  The  high  and  low  places  were 


*See  Report  U.  S.  Dep't  of  Agricultu 


p.  536. 


268  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  {February, 

distributed  somewhat,  though  not  altogether,  regularly  throughout  the  dif- 
ferent plats. 

The  tracts  were  spring-plowed.  The  stable  manure  was  applied  on  both 
tracts  before  plowing  and  the  commercial  fertilizers  after  plowing.  In 
1888,  plats  i  and  3  of  tract  (a)  and  in  1889,  plat  i  of  tract  (b),  unfor- 
tunately, were  plowed  somewhat  later  than  the  other  plats.  The  seed- 
bed on  plat  i,  tract  (b),  was  appreciably  better  than  on  the  other 
plats,  which  may  have  had  an  effect  on  the  result.  The  cultivation  of  these 
tracts  was  poor. 

An  inspection  of  the  table,  which  shows  fertilizers  used  and  results  on 
tracts  (a)  and  (£),  will  show  that  in  the  three  trials  (two  on  tract  (a)  and 
one  on  tract  (£))  the  average  yield  was  a  little  less  in  each  trial  on  the 
plats  treated  with  commercial  fertilizers  than  on  those  having  no  manure. 
In  no  case  did  any  one  of  the  plats  treated  with  the  various  kinds  of  com- 
mercial fertilizers  give  an  appreciable  increase  in  yield  over  the  plats  not 
treated. 

The  two  plats  on  tract  (a)  in  1888  on  which  stable  manure  was  used 
yielded  about  10  bu.  more  than  those  having  no  manure.  The  opinion 
was  ventured  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  117,  that  a  more  marked  increase  in 
yield  in  1889  was  not  improbable.  This  has  not  been  the  case.  The  yield 
in  1889  from  these  plats  was  no  greater  than  from  those  not  fertilized.  It 
should  be  mentioned,  however,  that  in  cross-cultivation  sufficient  care  was 
not  taken  in  turning  so  that  the  outer  two  rows  of  plat  i,  tract  (V),  were 
•somewhat  injured.  There  is  no  evidence  that  any  very  marked  decrease 
was  occasioned  thereby.  On  tract  (//)  the  yield  from  the  plat  on  which 
stable  manure  was  used  was  about  17  bu.  per  acre  more  than  the  unma- 
nured  and  19  bu.  more  than  from  the  average  of  the  other  8  plats. 

Tract  (r)  was  spring-plowed  and  fertilizers  were  applied  broadcast 
before  the  corn  was  planted,  May  2d  and  3d,  the  tract  was  planted  with 
•check  rower.  A  fair,  but  not  perfect,  stand  was  secured.  The  corn  was 
cultivated  three  times,  but  was  decidedly  weedy  (mostly  smartweed),  more 
•so,  apparently,  on  plats,  i,  4,  and  6,  than  on  plats  2,  3,  and  5.  August  8th, 
the  tract  was  visited  and  the  indications  we're  as  follows:  plat  6,  decidedly 
best;  plat  i,  next;  plat  2,  next;  plats  3,  4,  and  5,  much  alike,  and  but 
little  below  plats  i  and  2. 

December  20,  1889,  Mr.  Bowler  writes;  "  Gathered  corn  about  the 
ist  of  the  month.  Finished  husking  corn  on  plat  5  late  in  the  evening 
and  it  rained  on  it,  so  we  thought  that  under  the  circumstances  we  could 
estimate  by  the  other  loads  with  more  accuracy  than  to  weigh  it.  The 
light  weights  of  plats  3  and  4  must  have  been  caused  by  a  sag  in  the 
ground.  The  whole  piece  was  too  flat  for  this  season.  Our  corn  on  the 
north  side  of  the  road,  on  more  rolling  ground,  made  an  average  of  about 
40  bu.  per  acre." 


KIKI.Ii    EXl'ERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1889. 


269 


TABLE  SHOWING  KIND  AND  QUANTITY  OF  FERTILIZER  USED;   YIELD  OF  CORN  PER 

PLAT  AND  PER  ACRE. 


Tract  (a)— 1888  and  1889. 


1'lat 

1888. 

1889. 

Fertilizers. 

(Quantity. 

Lb.  ear    liu.  per 
corn.         acre. 

Lb.  ear 
corn. 

Bu.  per 
acre. 

I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 

9 
10 

Stable  manure   

*  30  loads  

4,446 

4,173 
4,404 
3,628 
3,454 

3.551 
3,682 
4,014 

4,465 
4,040 

7« 

66 

7° 
58 
55 
56 

59 
64 

55 
64 

2,360 
2,520 
2,580 

2,465 
2,320 

2,200 

2,540 
2,600 
2,470 

31 

33 
34 
32 
3i 
29 

33 
34 
33 

None  .. 

Stable  manure   

*  30  loads  

Hog  tankage.          .    ... 

"?;o  Ib 

Muriate  ol  potash  

100  Ib  

j  Hog  tankage  

350  Ib.  \ 

|  Muriate  of  potash. 

loolb.  j 
300  Ib  

Dissolved  bone-black..  .  . 
Sulphate  of  ammonia..  .  . 
None  .    . 

125  Ib  

None  

Tract  (b). 

i8Sg 

i 

2 

3 

4 
6 

8 
9 

Stable  manure    

28  loads.  . 

3,5io 
2,440 

2,160 

2,265 
2.310 
i,  860 
1,670 
1,700 
2,340 

46 

32 

28 

30 
30 
25 

22 
22 
31 

None   1  

f  Superphosphate  

400  Ib.  1 
50  Ib.  ( 

j  Muriate  of  potash  

i  Sulphate  of  potash  

loo  Ib.  f 
125  Ib.  J 
400  Ib.        .    ... 

[_  Sulphate  of  ammonia.  .  .  . 
Guano  .                   ... 

Hog  tankage  

400  Ib  

None  

Muriate  of  potash. 

100  Ib. 

Sulphate  of  ammonia.  .  .  . 
None   

loo  Ib  

Tract  (b),  on  farm  of  W. 

W.  Bowler,  Flor 

a,    Clay 

Co.,  III., 

1889. 

i 

2 

3 
4 

6 

(Superphosphate  

400  Ib.  | 
100  Ib.  >  

I,2IO 

95° 
1,  060 
650 

fl,I20 

I.48S 

30 

24 

27 

16 

*28 

37 

Muriate  of  potash  

Sulphate  of  ammonia.  .  .  . 
Muriate  of  potash  

125  Ib.  J 
100  Ib  

Sulphate  of  ammonia.  .  .  . 
Superphosphate  

125  Ib  

•400  Ib  

None  

Stable  manure  

20  loads  

*  Approximately,     t  Estimated.     See  explanation  above. 

Experiment  No.  24.     Corn,  Effect  of  Fertilizers.     \Small  Plats."} 

Two  tracts  have  been  used  in  this  experiment,  both  upon  the  Experi- 
ment Station  grounds. 

Tract  (a)  was  used  in  1888  and  1889.  The  tract  consists  of  twelve 
plats  each  9  x  35  hills  or,  approximately,  one-tenth  acre,  except  plats  n 
and  12  which  in  1889  were  9  x  36  hills.  The  preparation  of  the  seed-bed 
and  the  planting  of  corn  was  both  years  the  same  as  described  in  Experi- 
ment No.  8. 

The  stable  manure  was  applied  the  day  before  the  land  was  plowed, 
being  in  the  spring,  in  1888,  and  on  December  6,  1888,  for  1889.  The 
other  fertilizers  were  applied  after  the  corn  was  plowed.  In  1888,  they 
were  applied  about  the  hills  of  corn  and  mixed  with  the  soil  with  a  hoe, 


27° 


BULLETIN    NO.  8. 


[February, 


nine  days  after  the  corn  was  planted  and  about  two  days  after  it  was  up. 
In  1889,  they  were  sown  broadcast,  two  days  after  the  corn  was  planted. 

The  corn  was  cultivated  with  a  shallow  cultivator  five  times  in  1888 
and  four  times  in  1889.  Any  weeds  remaining  in  the  hills  were  removed 
with  a  hoe  or  by  hand. 

No  difference  was  observable  in  date  of  tasseling,  or  maturity,  or 
in  vigor  of  growth  at  any  time  that  could  be  attributed  with  any  certainty 
to  any  of  the  fertilizers  used,  with  the  exception  of  plat  i  on  which,  in  1889, 
the  corn  made  a  somewhat  stronger  growth  than  on  the  other  plats. 

October  20,  1888,  the  corn  was  husked  on  each  plat,  and  thrown  on 
the  ground.  That  on  plats  i  to  7  was  weighed  and  78  Ib.  taken  for  a  sample. 
October  24th,  the  corn  from  plats  8  to  12  was  weighed  and  80  pounds 
taken  for  a  sample.  November  i4th,  the  78-lb.  sample  yielded  63.75  Ib. 
of  shelled  corn,  and  the  8o-lb.  sample  yielded  62.5  Ib.  The  difference  in 
the  per  cent,  of  dry  corn  between  the  two  samples  was  due  to  a  rain,  which 
occurred  between  the  weighing  of  plats  i  to  7  and  plats  8  to  12. 

November  20-22,  1889,  the  track  was  husked  and  corn  weighed. 
November  23d,  a  5o-lb.  sample  yielded  40.5  Ib.  shelled  corn  containing 
24.6  per  cent,  water.  It  would,  therefore,  require  81.6  Ib.  of  ear  corn  to 
•make  one  bushel  of  air-dry  corn. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  the  years  1888  and  1889: 

TABLE   SHOWING  KIND  AND  QUANTITY  OF  FERTILIZER  USED,  AND  YIELD  OF  CORN 

PER  PLAT  AND  PER  ACRE. 


• 

Yield  in  1888. 

Yield  in  1889. 

tilizers  applied  in  1888  and  in  1889. 

Pounds 
per  acre. 

—  P 

?n    "*            "^3 

5=      '     w 

-   W          c 

"S  *       -o 

•n    O              <T 

O 

0 

5"?          o 

sT  P 

6 

7 
8 

10 
12 


650 
665 
665 

665 


1  Stable  manure 40,250 

Hog  tankage 350 

Muriate  of  potash 100 

(  Hog  tankage 350  [ 

"(  Muriate  of  potash 100  f 

None 665 

Cattle  tankage j       200          645 

a  Bone  meal 200          635 

Superphosphate 400          660 

^Dissolved  bone-black 300          660 

None 655 

Sulphate  of  ammonia 125  625 

Nitrate  of  soda I       160  655 


97 
99 
99 

99 


652 
546 


99    555 

96  ;  535 

95 

587 

95 

577 

95  :   597 

94 

59' 

9° 

5^3 

94 

57' 

82 

69 

592       75 
59°       74 


70 
67 

74 
73 
75 
74 
69 
70 


i  In  18 
nia  125  Ib. 


9,  51,650  Ib.         2  In  1889,  superphosphate  400  Ib.,  muriate  of  potash  100  Ib.,  sulphate  of  ammo- 
3 In  1889,  muriate  of  potash  100  Ib.,  sulphate  of  ammonia  125  Ib. 


The  trials  with  commercial  fertilizers,  heretofore  given,  have  been 
with  the  quantities  ordinarily  recommended—  such  quantities,  that  if  an 
appreciable  increase  in  yield  was  obtained,  their  application  might  be 
profitable.  On  tract  (£),  however,  a  much  larger  quantity  than  would 
be  profitable  was  used  to  determine  whether  under  the  conditions  here 


1890.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,   1889. 


271 


given  of  soil,  season,  etc.,  any  result  whatever,  good  or  bad,  could  be 
obtained. 

A  tract  of  land  was  selected  which  was  considered  relatively  poor. 
The  tract  was  divided  into  seven  plats,  each  2x4  rods.  May  4th  the 
tract  was  plowed,  harrowed,  marked,  and  planted  with  Burr's  white,  four 
kernels  to  a  hill;  and  fertilizers  were  applied  broadcast  on  four  plats,  as 
indicated  in  the  table.  May  i3th  corn  was  well  up.  May  2oth  to  July 
ist,  the  tract  was  cultivated  four  times  with  a  shallow  cultivator.  July 
nth,  weeds  remaining  were  removed  with  a  hoe. 

October  4th,  plats  were  cut  and  shocked,  each  half  of  each  plat  be- 
ing shocked  separately.  No  difference  was  observable  in  size  or  ripeness 
of  plats.  October  3oth,  the  south  half  of  each  plat  was  husked,  and  No- 
vember 4th,  the  north  half.  December  i5th  and  i6th,  the  stover  was 
weighed.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  yield  of  stover  from  plat  i  was  greater 
than  from  any  other  of  the  plats.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  south 
half  of  plats  2  and  7  was  cut  higher  than  the  rest,  and  hence  the  stover 
weighed  less,  as  the  following  will  show,  giving  the  weight  of  stover  in 

pounds: 

Plat I  2  3  4  5  6  7 

South  half 154  106  107  105  113  106  in 

North  half 141  152  128  126  131  122  135 

A  5o-lb.  sample  of  ear  corn  taken  November  ist  yielded  40.75  Ib.  of 
shelled  corn  and  contained  22.9  per  cent,  of  water;  hence  it  took  79.4  Ib. 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  air-dry  corn. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  obtained  on  this  basis: 

TABLE  SHOWING  KIND  AND  QUANTITY  OF  FERTILIZER  USED;  NUMBER  ov  EARS; 
YIELD  OF  CORN  AND  STOVER  PER  PLAT  AND  PER  ACRE. 


^r 
p* 

Fertilizer. 

Pounds 
per  acre. 

Yield,  per  plat. 

Yield,  per  acre. 

No. 
ears. 

Lb.  ear 
corn. 

Lb. 
stover. 

No. 

ears. 

Lb. 
ear  en 

Lb. 
stover. 

i 

2 

3 
4 

S 
6 

7 

(  Dissolved  bone-black. 
•j  Sulphate  of  potash.    . 
f  Sulphate  of  ammonia. 
None     

{2,  COO 
600 
6co 

497 

53i 
5'3 
557 
5'4 
527 
507 

335-5 

354 
34° 
352 
338.5 
337 
J57 

295 

258 
235 
231 
244 
228 
246 

9,940 

10,620 
10,260 
11,140 
10,280 
10,420 
10.140 

85 

89 
86 
89 
85 
85 
9° 

5,900 

5,160 
4,700 
4,620 
4,880 
4,560 
4.920 

Dissolved  bone-black. 
None  

2,000 

Sulphate  of  potash.  .  . 
None   

600 

Sulphate  of  ammonia. 

600 

Both  seasons,  the  plats  on  tract  ftf)  upon  which  commercial  fertilizers 
were  used  yielded  on  an  average  a  trifle  less  than  those  to  which  nothing 
had  been  applied.  No  one  of  the  plats  so  treated  either  season,  yielded 
appreciably  more  than  those  having  no  manure.  In  1888,  the  plat  upon 
which  was  spread  stable  manure  yielded  no  more  than  those  having  no 
manure,  while  in  1889  the  yield  was  10  bu.  more,  and  it  was  7  bu.  more 
than  ihat  of  any  other  plat. 


272  I5ULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February, 

On  tract  (£)  the  application  of  commercial  fertilizers  was  purposely  ex- 
cessive. The  cost  per  acre  in  the  principal  markets  for  fertilizers,  as  ap- 
plied, was,  for  plat  i,  $56;  for  plat  3,  $26;  for  plat  5,  $9;  and  for  plat  7, 
$21.  The  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  plats  so  treated  was  86.3  bu;  for 
the  three  plats  receiving  no  manure,  it  was  87.5  bu. 

Nothing  can  be  more  conclusive  than  that  in  the  nine  trials  made 
during  the  past  two  seasons,  no  practical  benefit  was  obtained  from  the 
use  of  commercial  fertilizers  when  applied  to  corn;  and,  moreover,  but 
very  little  effect  of  any  kind.  The  conditions  of  soil,  climate,  and  culture 
under  which  these  trials  were  made,  it  may  be  said,  were  not  very  differ- 
ent from  those  under  which  the  bulk  of  this  great  crop  is  raised. 

The  increased  yields  from  the  use  of  stable  manure,  taken  as  a  whole,, 
probably  repaid  the  cost  of  application  and  left  some  profit.  Clearly  the 
value  of  stable  manure  was  not  equal  to  the  estimates  often  made,  based 
upon  the  cost  of  commercial  fertilizers.  It  should  be  recognized  that  the 
overwhelming  testimony  derived  from  experiments  so  far  conducted  is  that 
for  those  states  which  raise  one-half  or  more  of  the  corn  of  the  United 
States  the  application  of  commercial  fertilizers  for  the  production  of  corn 
is  not  generally  profitable  at  the  present  time;  and  that  to  base  the  value 
of  stable  manure  for  those  states  on  the  price  of  the  constituents  of  com- 
mercial fertilizers  is  misleading.  Every  corn  raiser  in  those  states 
knows  that  it  takes  15  to  25  tons  of  stable  manure  per  acre  to  produce  a 
material  increase  in  the  yield  of  corn;  and  he  knows  that  experiments 
which  make  the  value  of  stable  manure  several  dollars  per  ton  can  have 
no  application  in  regard  to  his  land. 

THOMAS  F.  HUNT,  B.  S., 

Assistant  Agriculturist. 


Summary  of  the  Results  of  Field  Experiments  With  Corn. 

In  the  preceding  pages  is  given  a  careful  report  of  a  series  of  experi- 
ments on  field  corn  tried  in  1889,  duplicates  of  experiments  tried  in  1888 
and  reported  in  bulletin  No.  4  of  this  Station;  some  also  having  been  tried 
in  1887.  These  experiments  include  a  comparison  of  a  large  number  of 
varieties;  a  comparison  of  the  effects  of  planting  at  different  times,  depths, 
and  thicknesses;  of  cultivating  with  greater  or  less  frequency  and  at  dif- 
ferent depths;  a  study  of  the  effects  of  root-pruning,  and  of  the  rate  and 
direction  of  root-growth;  of  the  effect  of  rotation  of  crops;  and  the  effect 
of  fertilizers.  The  results  are  reported  with  much  detail  and  many  tables. 
No  brief  summary  can  have  the  value  of  these  details,  if  they  be  carefully 
studied.  Even  with  the  fullest  study,  the  results  are  to  be  considered  in- 
dications rather  than  demonstrations  of  what  will  be  found  true  in  general 
practice. 


1890.]  FIELD    EXPERIMKNTS    WITH    CORN,   1889.  273 

These  experiments  were  made  on  good  prairie  soil,  in  eastern  Illinois, 
just  north  of  the  4oth  parallel  of  latitude.  The  year  1888  was  an  unusually 
favorable  one  for  the  corn  crop:  1889  was  much  less  favorable,  there  be- 
ing deficient  rainfall  in  April  and  May,  excessive  rain  in  June,  and  an 
average  temperature  below  normal  during  the  summer  months. 

Following  are  some  of  the  more  obvious  results  of  the  two  years'  trials: 

There  are  many  good  varieties  of  Indian  corn  for  this  latitude.  No 
one  variety  tested  was  noticeably  superior  to  all  others. 

Such  phrases  as  "go-day"  or  "roo-day"  corn  are  misleading,  if 
meant  to  teach  that  ordinary  field  corn  will  fully  mature  in  average  sea- 
sons in  this  latitude  in  the  number  of  days  named.  The  early  maturing 
varieties  required  125  days  or  more  to  mature  fully. 

The  medium  maturing  varieties,  or  those  maturing  about  September 
25th,  gave  larger  yields  of  well  dried  corn  than  either  earlier  or  later 
varieties. 

Thoroughly  air- dried  corn  contains  about  n  percent,  of  water  in  the 
shelled  grain.  The  loss  in  weight  after  husking  is  greater  than  is  gener- 
ally recognized.  It  may  be  from  10  to  20  per  cent.  Eighty  pounds  of 
ear  corn,  as  husked,  of  the  medium  maturing  varieties  would  not  make 
more  than  a  bushel  of  air-dry  corn. 

Barrenness  of  the  stalk  seems  to  depend  much  more  on  the  conditions 
under  which  the  crop  is  grown,  as  thickness  of  planting  and  the  season, 
than  on  the  variety. 

The  date  of  planting,  within  the  limits  ordinarily  fixed  for  corn 
planting  in  this  latitude,  had  little  influence  on  the  yield  of  a  medium  ma- 
turing variety.  The  yields  from  plants  planted  at  intervals  of  a  week,  for 
five  weeks,  not  later  than  June  ist,  varied  little.  In  some  seasons  the  cost 
of  cultivating  later  planted  fields  would  be  lessened. 

Depth  of  planting  did  not  materially  affect  the  yield  either  in  1888  or 
1 889.  In  the  latter  year  the  roots  which  supported  the  plant  during  most  of 
its  growth,  usually  started  within  two  inches  of  the  surface,  whatever  the 
depth  of  planting.  Unless  the  soil  near  the  surface  has  not  sufficient 
moisture,  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  for  planting  corn  in  this  region 
more  than  about  three  inches  deep.  Drill-planting  was  not  found  materially 
better  than  hill-planting,  either  for  the  production  of  corn  or  fodder. 
The  quantity  of  seed  planted  controlled  the  yield,  rather  than  planting 
one  or  four  kernels  in  a  place.  For  corn  alone,  planting  at  the  rate  of 
one  kernel  every  nine  or  twelve  inches,  gave  better  results  than  thicker  or 
thinner  planting.  For  fodder,  planting  at  the  rate  of  one  kernel  every  six 
inches  gave  better  results  than  planting  twice  as  many  kernels. 

Stirring  or  cultivating  the  soil  while  the  crop  is  growing  was  not  es- 
sential in  either  1888  or  1889.  Good  yields  of  corn  were  obtained  where 
there  was  no  cultivation  after  planting,  except  to  remove  the  weeds  by 
scraping  the  surface. 

Preventing  the  growth  of  weeds  was  more  important  than  stirring  the 
soil. 
—7 


274  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February, 

Root-pruning  injured  the  crop.  Stirring  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  four 
inches  or  more  will  injure  many  roots  of  the  corn.  Comparatively  few 
roots  will  be  affected  if  the  soil  is  not  stirred  more  than  two  inches  deep. 

Shallow-working  cultivators  gave  better  results  than  deep-working 
ones,  but  required  more  care  and  skill  in  their  use.  The  deep-working 
shovel-cultivators  killed  the  weeds  more  thoroughly  than  the  shallow- 
working  ones,  but  the  latter  injured  the  roots  less.  Usually,  frequent  culti- 
vation did  not  repay  the  extra  cost. 

Commercial  fertilizers  failed  to  increase  materially  the  yield  of  either 
corn  or  fodder  in  any  one  of  nine  trials.  The  soil  apparently  had  a  suffi- 
cient supply  of  plant-food  that  these  fertilizers  furnish. 

Stable  manures  increased  the  yield  of  corn  and  fodder  in  most  cases, 
but  not  always  enough  in  one  year  to  repay  certainly  the  cost.  Fair  crops 
were  produced  on  land  which  had  been  in  corn  for  fourteen  years  without 
manure  of  any  kind.  For  like  soils  in  Illinois,  the  estimates  often  m  ade 
of  the  value  of  either  commercial  or  barn-yard  fertilizers,  based  on  the 
price  at  which  the  elements  of  plant-food  contained  by  them  can  be 
bought,  are  misleading. 

The  yields  of  all  the  varieties  in  1887,  which  was  a  season  of  severe 
and  long-continued  drought,  were  small.  The  experiment  in  that  year  was 
a  test  of  varieties,  and  not  of  methods  of  culture. 

The  yields  of  most  varieties,  and  the  average  yields  of  all,  in  1888  and 
1 889  were  above  the  average  reached  by  good  farmers  in  field  culture.  Prob  - 
ably  the  chief  reasons  for  this  result  were  that  the  varieties  were  better  than 
the  average;  that  more  than  usual  care  was  taken  to  secure  a  good  seed- 
bed and  to  plant  well,  thus  securing  a  good  and  uniform  stand;  and  that 
the  cultivation  was  more  careful  than  in  average  field  culture. 

G.  E.  MORROW,  A.  M., 

Agriculturist. 


GARDEN  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  SWEET  CORN,  1889. 

Experiment  No.  49.     Sweet  Corn,  Testing  Varieties. 
CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES  NOT  DESCRIBED  IN  BULLETIN  No.  4. 

In  the  classification  of  sweet  corn  the  plan  adopted  for  bulletin  No. 
4  is  followed.  The  varieties  are  first  divided  according  to  the  time  of 
reaching  edible  maturity  after  planting  into  early,  medium,  and  late.  A 
further  division  is  made  on  color  into  yellow,  white,  and  other  colors.  The 
season  of  1889,  from  planting  to  ripening,  was  much  cooler  than  that  of 
1888,  which  caused  a  difference  in  the  time  of  reaching  edible  maturity  of 
from  18  to  22  days;  so  that  the  varieties  will  be  classed  as  early  which 
reached  edible  maturity  in  81  days  or  less  from  planting,  instead  of  63  days 


1890.]  EPXKRIMEXTS    WITH    SWEET   CORN,    1889.  275 

or  less,  as  in  bulletin  No.  4;  medium  will  include  those  reaching  edible 
maturity  in  82  to  90  days,  instead  of  64  to  71  days;  and  late,  those  requir- 
ing 91  days,  or  more,  instead  of  72  days  or  more. 

In  the  descriptions,  where  the  same  variety  has  been  received  under 
different  names,  it  is  not  assumed  that  one  is  correct,  that  question  being 
left  still  undecided.  Further  study  may  make  changes  in  the  grouping  of 
names  or  in  the  classification.  Frequently,  where  two  or  more  names 
have  been  placed  together  they  do  not  represent  exactly  the  same  thing; 
but  either  the  names  indicate  that  they  are  meant  to  be  the  same,  or  the 
term  of  growth  and  other  characteristics  are  so  nearly  the  same  that  it  is 
not  thought  worth  while  to  separate  them.  The  variation  may  be  caused 
by  difference  in  method  of  selection  or  from  mixing  varieties.  Many 
varieties,  and  especially  the  newer  ones,  vary  greatly  in  the  appearance  of 
individual  ears  or  stalks,  so  greatly  that  not  unfrequently  two,  or  three, 
or  even  more  lots  of  ears  could  be  selected  from  the  same  lot,  each  differ- 
ing enough  from  the  others  to  be  classed  as  a  distinct  variety. 

The  earlier  varieties  were  planted  in  plats  of  3  rows,  each  2  rods 
long.  The  late  varieties  were  in  plats  of  5  rows,  each  2  rods  long.  Each 
plat,  whether  3  or  5  rows,  had  planted  in  it  50  hills.  Four  stalks  to  a  hill 
is  counted  a  full  stand. 

The  plats  were  planted  May  3d.  They  received  the  ordinary  cultiva- 
tion. The  numbers  used  in  the  descriptions  are  the  same  as  the  plat 
numbers  in  table,  p.  283. 

EARLY  VARIETIES— White. 

Nos.  i,  2,  and  j,  Northern  pedigree;  Haskell,  Salzer,  Vaughan.  The  earliest  ears 
of  these  were  fit  for  use  in  75,  76,  and  77  days  from  planting,  respectively. 

Stalks,  3  to  4  ft.  high;  blades,  small;  tassels,  not  much  branched,  stiff,  short;  suckers, 
very  few.  Ears,  8  to  12  in.  from  the  ground,  white,  cylindrical,  sometimes  tapering,  4  to 
5%  in.  long,  i.i  to  1.6  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly  well  filled; 
rows,  8,  nearly  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct,  sometimes  separated  toward  the  butt; 
cob,  white,  .7  to  .gin.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  rather  small 
but  thick,  crimped  or  smooth,  about  three-fourths  as  deep  as  broad.  This  is  the  smallest 
variety  grown  the  past  season,  and  is  not  enough  earlier  than  the  other  better  varieties 
to  recommend  it. 

No.  6,  Burbank's  early;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  75  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  y/y,  to  a,l/t  ft.  high,  rather  stout,  short  jointed;  tassels,  short,  stiff,  not  much 
branched;  husks,  with  medium  sized  blades.  Ears,  from  10  to  14  in.  from  the  ground 
with  two  shades  of  dull  white,  tapering,  usually  enlarged  at  the  butt,  4  to  6^  in.  long, 
1.3  to  1.5  in.  in  diameter;  kernels  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly  well  filled;  rows,  8,  not 
very  regular;  pairs  of  rows  distinct  or  entirely  separated  toward  the  butt;  cob,  white,  .7 
to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  medium  size,  thick,  irregular  in  shape,  two  thirds  as  deep 
as  broard,  very  rough  to  nearly  smooth.  A  rough,  irrregular  looking  ear. 

No.  77,  Pratt' s  early;  Gregory.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  79  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4  to  5  ft.  high,  long  jointed;  blades  rather  small;  tassels,  not  much  branched, 
stiff  or  drooping;  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades.  Ears,  from  12 
to  16  in.  from  the  ground,  dull  white  to  flesh  color,  cylindrical,  tapering  rather  bluntly 


276  i ;u i. LI. TIN   NO   8.  [February, 

at  tip,  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  butt,  4^2  to  6^  in.  long,  i.i  to  1.7  in.  in  diameter; 
kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly  filled;  rows,  8,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct,  some- 
times entirely  separated  toward  the  butt.  Cob,  white,  or  light  red,  .7  to  .9  in.  in  diameter- 
.Kernels,  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  crimped,  or  smooth,  below  medium  size,  thick,  about 
three-fourths  as  thick  as  broad.  Resembles  Minnesota  somewhat  in  color,  but  is  smaller. 

No.  24,  Early  Boynton;  Ferry.     First  fit  for  use  in  80  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  3^  to  4^  ft.  high,  stout,  short  jointed;  tassels,  not  much  branched,  stiff  or 
drooping;  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades.  Ears,  10  to  14  in. 
from  the  ground,  very  dull  white,  tapering  from  the  butt;  tip,  bluntly  pointed,  or  rounded; 
4/4  to  f>y2  in.  long,  1.4  to  1.7  in.  diameter;  kernels,  scarcely  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly 
well  filled;  rows,  8,  regular  or  nearly  so,  pairs  of  rows,  distinct,  sometimes  entirely  sepa- 
rated at  the  butt;  cob,  white,  .7  to  i.i  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  solid,  rounded  over  the 
top,  three-fourths  as  deep  as  broad,  medium  sized,  crimped  or  nearly  smooth. 

No.  22,  Ford's  early;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  80  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4  to  5  ft.  high,  rather  slender,  and  long  jointed;  blades,  small;  tassels,  mostly 
drooping;  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  blades.  Ears,  14  to  18  in.  from  the  ground, 
clear,  creamy  white,  sometimes  approaching  flesh  color,  cylindrical,  either  tapering,  or 
bluntly  rounded  at  the  tip,  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  butt  by  added  kernels,  4^  to  7 
in.  long,  1.3  to  1.6  in.  in  diameter;  kernels  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  well  filled;  rows,  8, 
usually  white,  .8  to  9.  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  broad,  rather 
solid,  about  three-fourths  as  deep  as  broad,  thick,  medium  size,  wrinkled  and  crimped. 
Somewhat  similar  to  Minnesota,  but  seems  to  be  an  improvement  on  that  variety  in  quality. 

No.  23,  Extra  early  dwarf;  Bridgeman.    Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  80  days  after  planting. 
This  seems  to  be  the  same  as  Minnesota.     See  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  129. 

No.  35,  Original  Crosby;  Gregory.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  80  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to  6  ft.  high,  pale  green,  slender,  long  jointed  above  the  ear;  tassels,  slender 
and  drooping,  not  much  branched;  suckers,  numerous;  husk  blades,  small.  Ears,  14  to 
18  in.  from  the  ground,  dull  white,  cylindrical  or  tapering;  tip,  blunt  to  long  tapering; 
4/4  to  7  in.  long,  1.3  to  1.7  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly  filled; 
cob,  white,  .8  to  I  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  not  very  solid,  not  fully  rounded  over  the 
top,  irregular  in  shape,  thick,  about  as  deep  as  broad,  below  medium  size,  crimped;  rows, 
10  to  14,  not  very  regular,  sometimes  spirally  arranged;  pairs  of  rows  scarcely  distinguish- 
able. Does  not  produce  enough  good  ears  in  proportion  to  nubbins. 

No.  52,  Hawaii  sugar;  Wilson.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  81  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4^4  to  5J^  ft.  high,  rather  long  jointed,  blades  of  medium  size;  tassels,  not 
much  branched,  drooping:  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades.  Ears, 
12  to  16  in.  from  the  ground,  cylindrical,  tapering  bluntly  at  the  tip,  sometimes  enlarged 
at  the  butt,  5  to  7  in.  long,  1.3  to  1.6  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly 
tilled;  rows,  8,  regular,  or  nearly  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct,  sometimes  separated 
toward  the  butt;  cob,  white;  .7  to  i.i  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  solid,  rounded  or  broadly 
rounded  over  the  top,  three -fourths  as  deep  as  broad,  rather  thick,  crimped.  This  resem- 
bles Minnesota,  and  is  scarcely  worthy  of  being  classed  as  a  distinct  variety. 

No.  25,  Early  Boston  market;  Gregory.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  8l  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4  to  5  ft.  high,  heavy,  large  leaved,  suckers,  few;  tassels,  small,  stiff;  husk 
blades,  small  to  medium.  Ears,  12  to  14  in.  from  ground,  very  dull  white,  sometimes  nearly 
cylindrical,  usually  tapering  from  the  butt,  5/4  to  7  in.  long,  1.4  to  1.7  in.  in  diameter; 
kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  not  well  filled  out;  rows  10  to  12,  regular;  pairs  of  rows, 


1890.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN",    1889.  277 

not  distinct;  cob,  white,  .9  to  i.i  in.  in  diameter.     Kernels,  not  solid,  flatly  rounded  over 
the  top,  crinkled  and  wrinkled,  very  thick,  as  deep  as  broad. 

No.  jj>,  Leet's  early;  Ferry.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  81  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to  6  ft.  high,  stout,  rather  short  jointed,  blades  large,  dark  green;  tassels, 
much  branched,  rather  stiff;  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades.  Ears, 
18  to  24  in.  from  the  ground,  very  dull  white  or  brownish  white,  cylindrical  to  strongly 
tapering,  bluntly  pointed  or  rounded  at  the  tip,  5j^  to  8  in.  long,  1.410  1.7  in.  in  diameter; 
kernels, barely  even  at  the  butt,  usually  well  filled  at  the  tip;  rows,  8  to  12,  somewhat 
irregular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct,  except  in  the  8-rowed  ears,  in  which  they  are 
sometimes  entirely  separated  toward  the  butt;  cob,  white  or  red,  .9  to  i.i  in.  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  fairly  solid,  very  large,  thick,  broadly  rounded  over  the  top,  not  very  regular  in 
shape,  crimped.  Ears,  coarse  looking. 

EARLY  VARIETIES— Colored,  not  Yellow.. 

No.  4,  No.  48;  Salzer.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  75  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  3  to  4  ft.  high.  The  stalks  are  smaller  than  Cory,  and  the  first  ears  were  fit 
for  use  2  days  earlier  than  Cory;  otherwise  there  is  no  apparent  difference.  Sent  out  as 
being  10  to  15  days  earlier  than  any  other  known  variety. 

No.  jo,  Early  La  Crosse;  Salzer.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  77  days  from  planting. 
Same  as  Cory.     For  description,  see  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  130. 

No.  14,  New  England  orange;  Wilson.    Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  78  days  from  planting. 
This  looks  like  a  simple  mixture  of  Cory  and  Narragansett  in  which  Cory  predomi- 
nates, and  will  not  be  described  as  a  distinct  variety. 

No.  5,  Early  Rock  ford  market;  Shumway.    Corn  first  fit  for  use  78  days  from  planting. 

Appears  to  be  a  selection  from  Cory  and  only  differs  from  that  in  being  of  a  lighter 
color,  and  with  a  little  smaller  ear.  There  is  not  enough  difference  to  entitle  it  to  be 
classed  as  a  distinct  variety. 

MEDIUM  VARIETIES—  White. 

No.  33,  Western  queen;  Shumway.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  83  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to6^  ft.  high,  short  jointed,  leafy;  tassels,  stiff  or  drooping,  much  branched, 
not  many  suckers;  husk  blades,  of  medium  size.  Ears,  16  to  20  in.  from  the  ground,  very 
dark  color  when  ripe,  cylindrical  or  slightly  tapering;  tip,  bluntly  pointed;  $%  to  8  in. 
long,  i.  6  to  1.8  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  or  scarcely  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly 
well  filled;  rows,  10  to  14,  regular,  sometimes  spiral;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob, 
white,  .8  to  1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  fairly  solid,  medium  size,  regular  in  shape,  about 
as  deep  as  broad,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  crimped.  A  rather  smooth,  regular  ear. 

No.  jj,  Early  D<>s  Mjines;  Iowa  Seed  Co.    Corn  first  fit  for  use  85  days  from  planting. 
This  is  not  different  in  any  essential  character  from  Crosby.    See  bulletin  Xo.  4,  p.  129. 

No.  34,  Durkee;  Gregory.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  84  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5J^  to  7  ft.  high,  light  green,  rather  slender;  tassels,  much  branched,  slender, 
drooping;  not  many  suckers;  husk  blades,  medium  size.  Ears,  18  to  24  in.  from  the  ground, 
dull  white,  commonly  tap?ring;  tip,  rather  bluntly  rounded;  5  to  1l/2  in.  long,  1.4  to  1.9 
in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  filled  or  nearly  filled;  rows,  12  to  14,  not 
very  regular,  sometimes  spirally  arranged;  pairs  of  rows  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  .9  to 
1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  fairly  solid,  little  rounded  over  the  top,  not  very  regular 


278  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  {Fcbruaryy 

in  shape,  thick,  below  medium  size,  as  deep  as  broad,  crimped.     Very  similar  to  oiiginal 
Crosby  except  in  size  and  season. 

No,  41,  Extra  early  Tom  Thumb;  Dreer.    Corn  first  fit  for  use  84  days  from  planting. 
This  appears  to  be  identical  with  the  one  grown  under  the  name  of  early  sugar,  in 
1888,  and  described  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  134. 

No.  j<5,  Early  southern  sugar;  Ferry.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  85  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to  6  ft.  high,  heavy,  leafy;  tassels,  stiff;  husks,  with  small  blades.  Ears, 
dull  white,  cylindrical,  or  tapering;  tip,  bluntly  tapering;  i6to  20  in.  from  the  ground,  5 
to  Sin.  long,  1.5  to  1.9  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  or  rounded  past  the  butt;  tip,  not  well 
filled;  rows,  8  to  10,  not  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  .8  to  I  in.  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  loose,  irregular  in  shape,  above  medium  size,  wrinkled  and  crimped, 
many  of  them  showing  starch  and  inclining  to  dent.  This  variety  is  evidently  the  result 
of  a  cross  between  a  sweet  and  a  dent  corn  and  is  of  very  poor  quality. 

No.  48,  Roilyn  },)brid;  Drter.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  86  clays  from  planting. 

Stalks,  7  to  8^  ft.  high,  heavy,  leafy,  light  green;  tassels,  much  branched,  heavy, 
rather  stiff;  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades.  Ears,  24  to  30  in. 
from  the  ground,  cream  to  dull  white,  nearly  cylindrical  to  abruptly  tapering,  7  to  10  in. 
long,  1.9  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  well  filled;  rows,  12  to  16, 
regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  1.2  to  1. 4  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  loose 
or  very  loose,  rather  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  deep  as  broad, 
wrinkled  and  crimped,  above  medium  size. 

No.  7-jf,  Mammoth  early ;  Faust,  and  A7!?.  79,  Marblehea<i  mammith;  Gregory.     Corn 
from  the  first  was  fit  for  use  86  days,  and  from  the  second  91  days  after  planting. 
These  are  the  same  as  early  mammoth,  described  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  134. 

No.  64,  Early  bonanza;  Wilson.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  89  days  from  plan'.ing. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  ft.  high,  short  jointed,  stout,  leafy;  tassels  stiff,  not  much  branched; 
suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  blades.  Ears,  24  to  30  in.  from  the  ground,  dull  white, 
nearly  cylindrical,  tapering  bluntly  at  the  tip,  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  butt,  5^*2  to  8  in. 
long,  1.6  to  1.9  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  fairly  well  filled;  rows,  10 
to  14,  very  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  1.0310  i.i  in.  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  solid,  large,  not  deep,  crinkled  to  nearly  smooth,  strongly  rounded  over  the  top. 
Much  resembles  Squantum. 

No.  66,  Sonyea  intermediate;  Barnard.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  90  days  from  planting. 
This  appears  to  be  the  same  as  Landrelh's  sugar,  described  in  bulletin  No  4,  p.  133. 

Nos.  67  and  6S,  Sweet  fodder;  Bridgeman  and  Vaughan.  Sent  out  to  be  grown  for 
stock  feeding.  The  first  ears  were  fit  for  table  use  in  89  and  87  days,  respectively.  Each 
seemed  to  be  a  mixture  of  two  or  more  different  but  large-growing  varieties.  The  sweet 
fodder  corn  grown  in  Experiment  No.  2,  Test  of  Varieties  for  Ensilage,  from  seed 
bought  of  Henderson,  was  a  mixture  of  several  kinds',  and  vaiied  in  si/e  and  season 
from  the  smallest  and  earliest  to  the  largest  and  latest. 

Nos.  28  and  29,  Early  Adams;  Haskell  and  Vaughan.  Corn  from  the  first  was  fit 
for  use  in  84,  and  from  the  second  in  85  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to  6^2  ft-  high,  strong,  short  jointed,  leafy;  tassels,  short,  stiff,  bunchy. 
Ears,  24  to  30  in.  from  the  ground,  white,  cylindrical,  tapering  bluntly  at  the  tip,  5^  to 
7  in.  lorg,  1.4  to  1.9  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  rounded  over  the  butt,  not  filling  out  at  the 


1890.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN,    1889.  279 

tip;  rows,  10  to  14,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  .7  to  i.i  in.  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  very  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  dented  or  nearly  smooth,  about  as 
deep  as  broad.  This  is  not  a  sweet  corn,  but  is  used  for  the  table.  It  is  entirely  distinct 
from  the  one  described  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  130,  though  seedsmen  seem  to  send  this  and 
the  other  out  indifferently. 

LATE  VARIETY — YELLOW. 

-A'0.  120,  Gold  coin;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  103  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  8  to  9  ft.  high,  very  strong,  leafy;  joints,  short;  not  many  suckers;  tassel?, 
large,  full,  stiff;  husks,  with  small  blades.  Ears,  2^  to  3^  feet  from  the  ground, 
clear,  light  yellow,  cylindrical  or  tapering,  7  to  10  in.  long,  2  to  2.4  in.  in  diameter; 
kernels  rounded  past  the  butt;  tip,  fairly  filled;  rows,  16  to  24,  regular;  pairs  of  rows, 
not  distinct,  cob,  white,  I  to  1.4  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  very  loose,  rather  flat  on  top, 
above  medium  size,  nearly  twice  as  deep  as  broad,  wrinkled.  This  is  said  to  be  a  cross 
between  a  yellow  dent  and  Stowell's  evergreen,  and  is  advertised  as  10  days  earlier  than 
Stowell's. 

LATE  VARIETIES — WHITE. 

No.  86,  Ruby;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  91  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  ft.  high,  heavy,  short  jointed,  large  leaved;  tassels,  large,  full,  droop- 
ing;  suckers,  many;  husk  blades,  large.  Ears,  24  to  30  in.  from  the  ground,  a  rich, 
creamy  white,  nearly  cylindrical  to  strongly  tapering,  rounded  at  the  tip,  6^  to  10  in. 
long,  1.9  to  2.3  in.  in  diameter,  slightly  rounded  over  the  butt,  filling  out  or  nearly  filling 
out  the  tip;  rows,  12  to  20  not  very  regular;  pairs  of  rows  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  1.2  to 
1.6  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  loose,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  wrinkled,  very  thick, 
deeper  than  broad,  large.  Type  not  uniform;  stalks  vary  in  color  from  dark  green  to 
dark  purple.  A  promising  new  variety. 

Xo.  85,  Creedmoor;  Hallock.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  93  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6^  to  7  ft.  high,  heavy;  blades,  large;  tassels,  either  stiff  or  drooping; 
suckers,  few;  husks,  with  rather  small  blades.  Ears,  20  to  24  in.  from  the  ground,  cylin- 
drical or  tapering,  usually  rounded  at  the  tip,  dull  white  color,  6l/2  to  8^  in.  long,  1.6  to 
2.1  in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  even  at  the  butt;  tip,  well  filled  out;  rows,  12  to  14,  not 
very  regular,  sometimes  spirally  arranged,  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinctly  separated;  cob, 
white,  .9  to  1.2  in.  diameter.  Kernels,  rather  solid,  large,  broader  than  deep,  thick, 
irregular,  wrinkled  and  crimped,  broadly  rounded  over  the  top. 

-V0.  96,  Rochester  8- rowed;  Barnard.  No.  97,  New  England  8 -rowed;  Currie  Bros. 
Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  92  and  94  days,  respectively. 

These  are  the  jame  as  large  8-rowed,  etc.,  described  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  134. 

Xo.  84,  Henderson;  Henderson.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  94  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  (>yi  to  8  ft.  high,  heavy,  leafy,  short  jointed;  tassels,  much  branched,  rather 
stift;  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  medium  sized  blades.  Ears,  28  to  30  in.  from  the  ground, 
dull  white;  mostly  tapering,  sometimes  compressed  at  the  butt;  sometimes  enlarged;  tip, 
blunt  or  round  pointed,  6j^  to  n  in.  long,  1.6  to  2  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the 
butt;  tip,  fairly  filled;  rows,  10  to  16,  not  very  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct;  cob, 
white,  I  to  1. 4 in.  in  diameter.  Kernels,  not  solid,  rounded  or  flatly  rounded  over  the 
top,  somewhat  irregular  in  shape,  above  medium  size,  as  deep  as  broad,  wrinkled  and 
crimped,  or  smooth.  A  large,  coarse  ear  similar  to  Hickox. 

.V0.  87,  The  honey;  Storrs  &  Harrison.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  94  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  lYz  ft.  high,  short  jointed,  stout,  leafy;  tassels,  rather  stiff;  husks,  with 

many  medium  sized  blades;  suckers,  numerous.     Ears,  20  to  28  in.  from  the  ground,  dull 


280 


BULLETIN    NO.    8. 


[February, 


or  bleached  white  color;  cylindrical,  or  slightly  tapering  at  the  tip;  6  to  8  in.  long,  1.4  to 
1.8  in.  in  diameter;  kernels,  slightly  rounded  over  the  butt;  well  filled  at  the  tip;  rows, 
10  to  12^  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  .9  to  1.2  in.  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, rather  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  nearly  as  deep  as  broad,  crinkled.  A  very  pro- 
lific variety,  producing  two  or  three  ears  to  the  s:alk. 

No.  76,  Early  mammoth;  Landreth.     Nos.  77.  "j8,  and  St,  Mammoth;  Bridgeman, 
Hallock,  Storrs  &  Harrison;  and  No.  82,  Mammoth  sugar;  Salzer.     Corn  first  fi.t  for  use 
94  to  98  days  from  planting. 

These  are  the  same  as  late  mammoth,  described  in  bulletin  No.  4   p.  136 

LATE  VARIETY—  Colored,  not  Yellow. 

No.  7j,  Black  sugar;  Cowan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  92  days  from  planting. 
This  is  the  same  as  black  Mexican,  described  in  bulletin  No.  4,  p.  133. 

YIELD. 

In  calculating  the  yield  per  acre  (see  table,  p.  283)  from  the  plat 
yields,  no  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  per  cent,  of  stand,  because  the 
yield  and  stand  do  not  bear  any  definite  relation  to  each  other,  and 
although  the  yield  varies  greatly,  as  in  8-rowed  corn,  plats  95  and  99,. 
which  gave  a  yield  of  100.7  and  51  bu.,  respectively,  yet  the  same  variety, 
if  "corrected"  for  stand  would  give  on  plats  96  and  98  a  yield  of  159.8 
and  74.4  bu.,  respectively,  per  acre,  which  would  be  a  greater  proportion- 
ate difference  than  in  the  first  case.  An  examination  of  the  table  below 
will  further  illustrate.  In  making  up  the  per  cent,  of  stand,  as  seen  in 
table,  no  attention  was  paid  to  suckers;  the  stalks  had  been  counted  before 
the  suckers  started.  If  the  suckers  had  been  counted  as  stalks,  the  num- 
ber would  in  some  cases  be  more  than  doubled. 

TABLE  SHOWING  STAND;  YIELD;  AND  THE  YIELD  AS  "CORRECTED"    v  >R   STAND. 


3 

?T 

Seedsmen. 

•fl 

.3 

is 

P.  3. 

0 

~~* 

Yield  per  acre 
bu. 

2 

E" 

Seedsmen. 

.? 

!§ 

0.2 

0 

Yield  per  acre 
bu. 

> 

0     . 

C 
5 

<«  %  £" 

?^s 

§.0>S 

•    °  2 

>        *  n   n 

2       ?==2 

!  &.?£ 

95 
96 

97 
98 

99 

107 
105 

IO2 
IO4 
103 
1  06 

8-rowed  corn. 
Station  

92 

44 
47 
74 
49 

100.7 

70-3 
67.9 

55-i 
Si 

109.4 
1598 
1444 

74-4 
104 

81 
83 
77 
82 

78 
80 

9i 
92 

in 
no 

109 

Mammoth. 
Storrs  &  Harrison 
Station  

78 

9° 
68 

43 
60 
66 

91   2      116.9 

82.9      92.1 
799     "7-5 
799    185-* 
69        115 
63.6      963. 

Barnard  

Currie  Bros  
Haskell  

Bridgeman  
Salzer  . 

Vaughan  

Hallock  

Stowtll's  everg 
Station  

re  en. 

91 

66 

77 
45 
55 
52 

86.1 
747 
72-3 
695 
62.6 

592 

945 
113  i 

939 
154-4 
113  8 
"3-8 

Triumph. 
Vaughan  

58 
88 

76.1     138.3- 
75.8      86.  i 

Haskell  

Vaughan  

HallnrU 

Station  

Storrs  &  Harrison 
Wilson.. 

Egyptian. 
Station  

89 

37 
40 

80.9      90.8 
63  6     171  8 
58.4     146 

37 
40 

36 

38 

T.Q 

Crosby. 

Hasl-pll 

Si 

94 
65 
72 
64 

67.2 
66 
63-6 

52-9 
U.7 

82.9 
70.2 
97-8 
73-4 
80.7 

Vaughan  

Station.. 

IT 
M 

12 

Marbleliead. 
Haskell 

80 
92 
78 

45-5      56.8 
41  i      44.6 
2;.q       ^2 

Wilson  
Vaughan  . 

Vaughan  . 

Landreth  .  . 

Landreth..  . 

i89o.] 


EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN,     1889. 


28l 


While  some  of  the  calculated  yields  may  appear  excessive,  others  are 
below  what  might  reasonably  be  expected.  A  table  showing  the  average 
yields  of  all  the  plats  of  the  same  variety  might  give. a  more  correct  idea 
of  yield.  The  following  is  a  list  of  all  the  varieties,  of  which  three  or 
more  plats  were  grown,  with  the  average  yield  of  each. 

TABLE  SHOWING  AVERAGE  YIELD  ON  PLATS  PLANTED  WITH  SAME  VARIETV. 


Variety. 

No.  plats. 

Av.  yield 
per  a.,  bu 

Variety. 

No.  plats. 

Av.  yield 
per  a.,  bu. 

Northern  pedigree 

7 

28 

Concord  

7 

C7    -I 

Cory          .          .... 

7 

7Q  4 

Black  Mexican  

7 

1\ 

Marblehead  ..        ... 

•2 

77.  e 

Early  mammoth.  .  .  . 

7 

48.7 

Minnesota  . 

7 

48  I 

Late  mammoth.    .    . 

6 

76    I 

7 

47  7 

8  rowed  . 

60 

Crosby    

e 

6O.2 

Stowell's  evergreen.. 

6 

7O.7 

Perry's  hybrid  

3 

36.9 

Egyptian     

3 

676 

VITALITY  OF  SWEET  CORN. 

Sweet  corn  for  seed  should  be  gathered  before  there  has  been  any  ex- 
tremely cold  weather.  As  soon  as  gathered,  it  should  be  thoroughly  dried, 
and  kept  dry  until  planted  the  following  season.  To  get  at  the  vitality 
of  the  seed  we  were  using  the  past  season  100  kernels  of  each  of  the  varieties 
given  in  the  accompanying  table,  were  planted  in  the  greenhouse  May  24th,. 
and  the  sprouted  kernels  counted,  May  29th.  The  temperature  in  the 
meantime  had  ranged  from  48°  to  80°  F.  As  the  results  did  not  seem 
very  satisfactory,  a  duplicate  lot  (except  No.  86)  was  put  in  June  2d,  and 
taken  out  and  counted  June  7th.  Range  of  temperature  for  last  trial, 
51°  to  82°  F.  June  i3th  the  stalks  of  corn  in  the  field  were  counted. 
The  conditions  in  the  greenhouse  were  only  fair  for  the  germination  of 
corn,  while  the  conditions  in  the  field  were  bad.  When  the  corn  was  first 
planted  the  ground  was  excessively  dry  and  remained  so  until  May  2ist. 
The  heavy  rains  and  cold  weather  of  the  latter  part  of  May  and  early  part  of 
June  came  before  the  corn  had  all  sprouted  and  some  of  it  was  destroyed. 
Probably  a  few  stalks  were  destroyed  before  they  were  counted,  but  as  all 
the  plats  were  equally  exposed  that  would  make  no  material  difference 
with  the  result.  The  test  of  seeds  seems  not  only  to  give  the  per  cent, 
that  will  grow  under  the  conditions  in  which  they  are  tried,  but  in  general 
it  indicates  the  vital  power,  or  the  power  in  the  living  seeds  to  resist  ad- 
verse circumstances.  This  will  be  more  clearly  brought  out  by  an  exam- 
ination of  the  table  below.  The  first  lot  includes  32  varieties,  of  which  90 
to  100  per  cent,  sprouted  when  planted  in  the  greenhouse.  The  second, 
37  varieties,  of  which  75  to  89  per  cent,  sprouted.  In  the  third  lot,  24 
varieties,  of  which  60  to  74  per  cent,  sprouted.  The  last  lot,  17  varieties, 
of  which  35  to  59  per  cent,  sprouted. 
TABLE  SHOWING  THE  RELATION  OF  VITAL  POWER  TO  PER  CENT.  OF  LIVE  SEEDS. 


No.  of  varieties  in  each  lot 32         i     37  24 

Average  per  cent,  of  live  seeds,  as  shown  in  green- 
house tests 94-74  I     83.2         68.78 

Per  cent,  of  live  seeds  growing  when  planted  in  the 


'7 

52.18 


282  BULLETIN  xo.   8.  [February, 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Among  so  many  varieties  it  would  be  presumptions  to  name  any  one 
as  the  best.  But  for  general  planting  any  of  the  following  varieties  men- 
tioned in  the  order  of  earliness  may  be  recommended:  Early — Cory, 
Narragansett,  Ford's-  early,  Minnesota,  Leet's  early.  Medium — Crosby, 
Concord,  Stabler's  early,  Landreth  sugar,  Black  Mexican.  Late — Amber 
cream,  ruby,  Stowell's  evergreen,  eight-rowed,  triumph,  Egyptian,  late 
mammoth.  The  early  small-growing  varieties  do  best  planted,  if  in  hills, 
\]/2  to  2  ft.  apart;  the  medium  2^  ft.  apart;  and  the  large,  late  varieties, 
3  to  3^  ft.  apart. 

It  will  not  do  to  depend  implicitly  on  catalogue  statements  in  regard 
to  new  varieties.  Two  illustrations  will  suffice.  No.  48  (No.  4  of  t?ble  p. 
283)  was  sent  out  as  10  to  14  days  earlier  than  any  other  known  variety. 
As  grown  here  the  past  season  it  was  no  earlier  than  two  other  varieties; 
and  within  a  week  from  the  time  when  it  was  fit  for  use,  sixteen  other 
varieties  had  come  into  season.  Gold  coin  was  said  to  be  6  to  10  days 
earlier  than  Stowell's  evergreen.  It  proved  the  present  season  to  be  6  to 
1 6  days  later,  there  being  10  days  difference  between  the  earliest  and  latest 
plats  of  the  latter.  With  the  exception  of  gold  coin,  the  greatest  differ- 
ence in  time  betwen  the  earliest  and  latest  plats  the  past  season  was  23 
days;  including  gold  coin,  the  difference  is  28  days.  In  the  tests  for  1888, 
the  greatest  difference  found  was  25  days.  The  earlier  varieties,  as  a  rule, 
not  only  produce  fewer  ears  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  stalks,  but  they 
also  produce  fewer  good  ears  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  nubbins. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  the  tests  of  germinating  power, 
and  the  details  of  the  field  work: 


1890.] 


F.XPKRIMKNTS    \V1  1  H    ^ \VKKT    CORN',    1889. 


283 


_r  z 
^   — 

5    •-'• 
•   a 

03 

u.  per  acre. 

i/~i  o   r^C^^-^OO    TJ-I->.—  Ln  u^—  i/ii/iO   I/^N  f^.roO"O   O^O   **   Q 
o   r~i   ro  f.  ^  fi  ^*  f^i  fJ  ^"  ^T  d   ^*  c<  *-oo   ^J*  M**  ^  ^  Lo  *^  *^%  C4  O   C^ 

»    - 

—   - 

M 
U 

Wt.  loo  ears,  Ib. 

ON  C\  CN        fO  i^.O          fO  C^OO    ^    C\  ^«    ^"  t-^*  O^iO    ^>  ro  N          t^*  LO  t^ 

ro  ^O  fO  O^-C  OO  OO    C^"X)  ^O  OO   wi'O  OO   O    ^^"00   t^O**t->*t^O(O   i^>OO 

5  x- 

N                                                  N          ^    N 

•£   - 

Si 

u 

00              r^«ooO        OONu^—    O^OO   rf  rf  N  oo  00  LnO  OO   TJ-  iOQO   ^* 

z 

i    < 
a 

- 
- 

lotal  Ib.  corn. 

^"  N   N   C*l    ^t1  P4  vO   O   **   ^"  O   LO  ^O  ^"  N   *^i*O    O   t^*  ^^  O^  N    O^O   *-O  N 

-    -f. 

•A   - 

a 

No.  nubbins. 

js-3  s^  ^^S^SN-  s-^^o  R^^^S  o^o  ^^S-SNS 

§'» 

£ 

No.  salable  ears. 

OOOOO  »i-p>«oOt^P>  t^oo  N  OO  O  t-^  r^  O  »oO  r^  r^.  r)-oo  N  10  r  i 
\O    Tl"OO  ^>O   10  t^»  P4   t^»  t^»  t^*  r-»  10  t^  10  PJ   ro  OOO    ON  ™    ••  GO   CO  ON  P4 

o  i 
z  ;- 

M 
-< 

Per  cent,  of  stand. 

t~^  pr.OO    ON  ^OO  OO   t^*  t^*  ONOO   t^  ON  rOOO    ON  t^«OO  I~^«NO  NO  OO  NO   t^*  ON  ON 

<  ^ 

- 

No.  stalks  per  plat. 

u"l  O    t^O  OO    M    O    *^OO    ^O  *•    t^s  to  LO  O    ON  fl  '^  O  00  00    O    ^"  "^   f)  *O 

z  <: 

S  2 

X 

- 

No.  hills  per  plat. 

OONOO"^OOOOONOOOOONOOOONO   ONOO  O  O  r~-  O  O  O 

s  s 

OH 

rn 

Days,  planting  to 

VONO  f-vooe  ^t-r-0  t-t-ONO'oo   ONOONQ--0000-0 
t^                                               3O                                          OO         00  00  JO  00  00  00  00  00  00 

sa 

edible  maturity. 

si  a 

i        r 

^        S 

^ 

b. 
O 

Cutting. 

ooocoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooboooooooooooooo  ONOO 

«  £ 

M     U. 

u 
S 

•3        First  edible 
v              ears. 

TTTTiTTTiTTTTi    i    i    i    \    \    \    \    i    \    \    >    < 

*    O 

rt 

T             00         m             rOTOrON\Or^OO^-OOm 

z 

O       Full  bloom. 

>     i     i     .     :     i     I     I     i     I     i     i     i     i     I     I     I     I     i     i     I     I     I     i     i     i 

k  2 

a 

z" 

a! 

First  bloom 

O                              O    ON  O          O         OO  00 

'<       i       1       1       I       !       1       1      7      1       i       1       1       I              1       1       1       1 

•K  5 
•r.  * 

S  s 

U 

0. 

o 

Field. 

ONOO    —    IO          O    'j-  ON  ONOO    O     ON  M    rO>O    ON  t^.  ^  O  OO  O    fJ-'O    P<    "ISO 

*•  s 

Z     U. 

(f: 
- 
Z 

D 

3  g   -^ 

"  J      «     2d  trial. 

SSStf  ::  £8  SSS^SK£8  RSSSSStftfSS 

U    > 
^ 

a 

-  v      e 
M    ~<-     ist  tual. 

rJ-OO   **      •   r^Tft^rOf^rOWOO    O-voO    ^"00    ONt^ONf^/O    ^j-N   *^ 

ONO     ON  ON     •  OO     ON  O^OO     ON  0^00  OO    "V-C     O>NO  X  O  OO  NO     ON  t^Ot     ON  ON 

•* 

r. 
Z 

Description  in  this 

to  to  to  r^»  t^  to                  r>.    •              t^    •     •  10    •     •     •     •  vO  vO  NO  NO 

•*    ? 

X. 

bulletin,  p.  ... 

x    » 

D 

Description  in  bul- 

OOO        OOO-OO         ONONONON-           --ON 

r    (2 

k  I 

'^-. 

letin  No.  4,  p.  .  . 

^   - 
•—    z 

z    < 

is 

ALABLE  EAR 

c 

•g 

w 
en 

•    S      -rt^C      •      •    C      •      '"Sc      ••£-      •    J!      '    B  •*••'"    C    a      •      ••*" 

M 

*  2 

X 

°  j 

OK  STAND;  S 

31.  E  SIIOWIM,  Y.vRiE'i  v;  I1  \°.i- 

OK  FULL  HLOOM,  OF  FIRST  1 

EACH  PLAT,  WITH  PER  CENT. 

'5 

C      •      •      •       •       •      

a    

<t  v  u    5  •     •     .73-     .  s  ^  •  •  •    I  :  !  J 
u(uu     c;      •      :  "s    JK'S*:.^j*.:is-: 

H   H   ^              ^.        r*       V  R                                                                 rt^ 

".SC.Sf    ^-r^     ^      S  ^     es     ~   :   :  •?  o  •-•!&='  -  "5 

55fe00'-^c        *"       |-'2^j_uy|l>b/Jw^S«J*—  '(n^^c"" 
—  ^  ^-  M-  >^  5  >.  ^  >^  ^»  ^^  ^        rt   rt  "^   >-»  >^  rt  >^l-j  rt  >-,  o   >% 

^J^SSSSWSQUwUwWSJSSSW^CWWWQfcWWMW 

<J 

—    P(    P^TJ-lOO    t^OO    ON  O    •"    N    PO  *  "~lO    1^00    ON  O    "•    P*    r<~,  Tj-  tOO 

M          PI          M 

254 


BULLETIN    NO.    8. 


Ba.  per  acre. 


—   N   "liO   "T 


TABLE  —Continued. 

Wt.  100  cars,  Ib. 

ON  PO^O  lOsC   ^"  t^  r'}  uioo  •*   •"•   f*"ivO   P>  **  1/1  ro  *•   ^"O 

f)NO   PJ    ONOO   6   "1  PJ    ON  "1"  ^J-  •-   N   r^O   t^-OO    O   t~~-  *f  ro 
PlfOPO«    —    P)NP)    —    P»P1P4P)P1P1P<NPOP«PIP< 

rJ-OC    ON*  -J-00    -  O 
CO—    >-P)-"P)tSP» 

Total  Ib.  corn. 

3^*^-rf*2g^ld.Q5AAjf5?SS3; 

~  ^  ;,  !T  _  ^  ^;S 

No.  nubbins. 

r^.  oj   «  fiOO  Is**  "3"  Tt*  "•*   O   O  oO  oO  *-^  PJ  *-*"»  ••  "O  ^o  N  t*>« 

ro  t*"»  ^O   'N   O   O  ^0  OO    O^  3O   O    O    O^  O^  r^*  CJ   ^  LO  ^  OO  r^* 

0s*  N  r^-'O  OO  ^">  ^  O**- 

No.  salable  ears. 

"^  ro  CS  00   LOOO  t^*'>C  OO   ^  !-O  r^.0  OO   "^  00   fOO  *^>  ^"  t*^* 
•^  «   —  OO  t^*00   N  OC   1^1  "-i   «    $\  O^  **   N   OOOO   cOLnf^ 

rOr^Tt-    O    -OO    O 
^v  r^»  O    O  "O   ?*}  "•    CN 

Per  cent,  of  stand. 

vO  10  LOM  —   ^J-N   o\N  L/"I—   N   ^-^NOO   ^o   >-<oo   ^J 

—    N    C4   f^»  *^\O    O    Ov 

No.  stalks  per  plat. 

ONON^oi?^^"?-?^  ^S?^^N   -»    Opt 

O    O    ^~  i^j  M    C"^OC    t^- 

No.  hills  per  plat. 

O   O  OO   0s*  O   O   O   O  ^O  CO  GO    O^  O^  O    O*»  O*^  t^*  t***  10*0  1^* 

o  $«j*^oioio> 

Days,  planting  to 
edible  maturity. 

OO   ^"  w>  *•  OO    O^  ~*   *^"  O    ^"  ^J"  ^"  ^"  rO  ^"  N   *-O  ^"  *o  »-O  *-O^O  u^\O  O    **   rlO   *^V 
l^OO  OC  00    l^  t^OC  OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOCXOOOOOOOOOOOCCOOOOOOOOOOO 

Cutting. 

<^OOONO^Cs'OaNO\OOOOOOOOOOOO'^-OOOOOOO 

OOO.ONcioOX^OO^ONONONONONOVO.ONiN^^iNON^CNr^^^^ 

^       First  edible 
<u              ears. 

1       1       1       1       ;       1       1       1       1       i       1     •»       i       1       1       1       1       '       1       I       1 

,          '                    !          |          , 

rt 
Q       Full  bloom. 

w>  I>»  -^j-         O    ^O  ^}"  PO  i^>  w>  ^"  <^>  i^i  ^*   ^"OO  OO  OO  O    O 

u-iOO  ^C    —   ^    -O    t->-  ^- 

.     i     i     i     i     •                  i     !     '     '     i     i     i     i     :     !     i 

t-       t^  r^t^r^ 

First  bloom. 

o 

«  00   «   •*  «   PI   TTX   *OO  X  00  OO  1^  t-»  1^00  VO  00    O>X 

i    i    i    i    i             ii         '         i    i         i    i    i    • 

0         O   O               0 
III!         1 

TJ         Field. 

w    <y 

SdU-£^,   :*a6^«*^^S^   :^ 

r^»  r-»  v/^  O  rr^    '       O 

QJ      Ci 

0  -~     «    2d  trial. 

u  £    i 

SJ^SSU^^^S^fegSSaSig  :J^R 

wivo  oo  tj-  1^.   •      oo 

So   "L    ist  trial. 

O 

ON  ONOO  OO  OO     ON  ON     •  OO    t^  O*  ON'O    ONOO  OO    O"NO       •    1-^\O 

T^-    ^    ON  t^«   ^O       '             OO 

Description  in  this 
bulletin,  p.  .  .  . 

OO  SO      •      •      •  i~-  r^.NO                 •     •        OO     ...... 

00      •      •      •  vO   Is*        t^. 

•PIPI---PIP1P)      PI- 

•N      •             •    PI    PJ          N 

Description  in  bul- 
letin No.  4,  p.  .  . 

o,  %  %  o,  ON.  ^  :   :   :  S"  s"  S"  ^  p?  P?"  P>  P-,  PN  ,"  .  ?N  S- 

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r- 


Plat. 


EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN,    1889. 


28; 


OO          f)  X    ^*  N  O    in  N  O    tnX    *^*  ^  ^*  "^"  t*"»O  X    ON  O    N    ON  ON  t^»  N    TO  in  N    —    in  —  X    f}  N 

OO  O  in  M   r^.  N   ri  TJ-  ~  O   ro^i-N   —   —NO   fO  fOX    ON  in  ON  ONX   ""O  -    ON  N  X  X   r^-O   OX   O  O   m  —   ro« 
O   to  in*C    O    ON  t*^O    CNX  t^r^X   in  Tj-X  O  O  ro  in  -^  t^O    ^"O    ON  t-^oo   ro^^O    ON  in  o*  t-*.  t*>*O   f">  Q 

pj   f*4  O    N          ON  ONX   inX   t"~»  CO  t^-  —   "•*    ON^O   ro  ^"  in  t^*  f5  r^.  roX  lOO   t^-  **    ON  ON        T^  T^OO    ON       NO 

\O  X  r^X  X  CNX  »i rf  «fi»«  W)>«  *»  *irO««  W  ON—  TJ-X>  O  N  O  t-~  ^X  N  —  i^-  rj-  ro  —  rj  ir,\6  rOX  ri 
N  N  M  N  N  N  <s  M  rorOrON  romN  N  N  N  N  rOfO't'*-mTj-^-Tj-rororOr^N  r^ror^romN  M  co 

O-COX  M  ^O  M  O  OX  r^X>  —  Tir^ro—  O  mi^T)-OX  O  roO  ••  mX  ONONO  m  ON  ON  —  t^  t^j 
ONVD  NC  vC  ONX  r^  in  ON  ON  O  "•  t^X  r^.  in  ro  in  O  X  O  ONNO  insO  ON  ONX  in  —  MD  —  fO  •  ON  —  X  t^  i^.  M 

rn  tn^o  ^NO  T»-  ON  ••  r<l  m-O  ON  m  f>'O  roO  »^O  N  rofl  —  XNO  N  ^OO  ONVO  Mm'*'  •  N  ^  ^  PJ  —  t~» 
OXX  —  r^mN  —  ro-OON  —  O"lOOM-^^-ONroro—  —  mM  mX  XONT)-!^.  •  o  tn  TJ-  N  X  N 
—  „_-_  —  ««_  —  —  —  —  NO— —  ••  —  -.«««.««.  —  —  ~N-.  —  —  N 

X  —  ON\O  —  ro—  NO  rfTfTtinb  r^mO\O  mr~-r--.ONO  — OX  rOO  ^inONmO  V  — XX  —  ONN 
CN  m  -^-x>  O  ON  ON  rrO  O  O  X  O  t^  ON  ON  inO  m  m  f>O  O  ^-NO  t~-rfCNTfinN  TtX  x  ON  mX  tn  ^j-  ON 

t^>  NX  f")NO  rotn'^iON^'ON—  —  in—  ONO  —  tn  tnx  —  N  r*lO  O— X— X  —  O  C  ^OO  O  N  X  m 
ONO  O^r^-XXXO  ^W  NO  ro^ONON—  N  —  —  l^tONX  fOtnXXX  —  in  O»O  ^  X  —  t^.  O  ONX 

f:TrinO   O   O   O   O   OXX  O   ONt^O   O  tnx   ON  t^-  t^X  X  in  ON  ON  rj-  o  tn  in  T}-  —  DC    ^^OO   O  N  in  O 

' 5 

OO  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  00  X  ONX  X  X  X  OO  ON  ONX  X  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON 
OOOOOOOOOO  r*^  O  O  ***•  O  O  t*>>  r**  O  *^*  ^«  ^T  ^  t^  ^  ^  ^  r^*  r>»  t^*  T^-  r^*  ^  c  r^»  t^*  r^»  t^»  t*^  t^* 

X   —  rt 

t^  r^X)  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  XX  XX    UXXXXXX 

•     .  •     t     i    V 

O        OO—        NOONfONro  ^*in—  N   ONX  X  in-O  r^r^f^^-forj-intnc   Tj-inintncj  in 

O\  in  in  0    ON  ON  ON  ^X  *O  X   t">»X  O    ON  ONOO  X  NO  O    ^X  1^*  tn  r>»O   fO       O   in     •   t^«  t^*  t^*  ONX    ONX   C*"«  ON 

ON  mO    C~  ONX    ON  ^00    t~»  (•-  I~-  ONO    ON  ONX  X    t^  mX  X  X    mX    ONvO         O    m  mX    t^  t^  ONX    ONX    m  ON 

•OO     •     "•     "    "      •      •      -~X      ^X  X  X      •      ;      •      ^_O  X     -OOOX      -XX         ONONONON 

N*:!!!!         !  M*  '.  M  ct  et    •  -NN-NNNN-NN       NNNN 

^O  NO  O  NO      ....  \o  \O   "^ 

>*%  o  "M  I  S  J  -3  I'S  a  ^>'S)'S-2 .2  "So  |  £  'So-S  &>%  &&  g«3.2rg^'SoS2::'O.I  "§».!  J  "Sol 
Sl^|l^S§|§|||||||o||j|g||||||g||     j|||||| 

>.,    '.    '. «3    • o 

rt  ^ 

:  111  :  :  :1 

5  vi  £  'O  'O         ._.._  — 


286 


1H  I  I.ETIN    NO. 


[  February, 


Bu.  per  acre. 

rff  ON  —          — 

30    rO-C    iOt^N~ONrJ-OON3Nrt         ••           CNX  O      • 

S-S-E^ 

30    t^O  O    t^  LOX)  30 

30    rnO    ~}  —    •*•  rj-  O 

ONO  1^.    .    ' 

^  ^O      . 

•    | 

Wt.  loo  ears,  Ib. 

O  00         N  ir 
t-.  10  •"••.  ri   O 
M  ro  N  ro  f 

r-X>0  rOTfioio-* 

30  ^.  ^  „  ^._  f,.^. 

3>JS^5-SJ^5>JS 

-t-t,r0^  ??°^mn 

£P>3£ 

Total  Ib.  corn. 

-    '-/O   ONf 

ON  ro  LOOO  0  ro  N 

-   -t  r,   n  roX  -    ON 

ON             t>. 

-t  N    O  O    "~ 

O  O  lo  TJ-O 

t^.O   LOO  O   LO  t^.  r^ 

r«1X>   rj-  r^  ioX   N  LO 

Tj-    Tj-O 

No.  nubbins. 

t^l  N  CO  vr>  rr 

Stf81&W?cSf 

t^  ^-  «   10  N  1-^30  f) 

O    J^ONLON    —    NO 

S.5o  * 

No.  salable  ears. 

M    -  10  t~»  vr 

^f  LOO  —  r~< 

§;s,r'g  ^^KS; 

N   ro  t^.O   O   ^t"O   N 

rs1?-' 

Per  cent,  of  stand. 

?^^?^ 

°:^L^^  LOON^ 

•*  <-OX  fi  CNO    N  OO 

roX   ~5  LO[ 

No.  stalks  per  plat. 

xT^S^S 

LO^n^^^a 

—    'frOO    —    L03C    N    'J- 
3C   t^  t^»O  X   ro  LO  t^. 

-^^  =  J 

No.  hills  per  plat,    i 


^—    O    O    *T  O 


TA  HLE.  —  Continned. 

Days,  planting  to 
edible  maturitv. 

1 

Cutting. 

lllll.l^llllllll^llllllll 

*o       First  edible 
o            ears. 

0         o                                     CN                                                                     •* 

i      1      1      i      i           1      i      1      1      1      1      I      1      i                                       III 
00  00   1^-30    t^30  00  00  X>  00  00    1--30  OOOOOOX>OOOOX>OOOOX>OOOO 

rt                                                >     LO  to  ("O  fO  ^-  ^  ^"  "*t"  LO  Tt"  N    rO  ^OO  00    !"*•  toO    N    T}"  N    N    ^O  !*•* 

Q       Full  bloom        NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN; 

First  bloom. 

1      :      I      1      1      1      1                       !      I      i      1      I      1      I      i      1      !      •      1      i      i      1   |l 

.  -a'         Field. 

rOO                   NOrOfN^OOOOvOvOfO                   ^«j 

ON  ro  ^"  f}  ^vO    ^"  0s*  O   fO^D    ^"  *-O  ^O  *-OOO   O          O  00  CO    C^  **O        **  1 

2|     $    2d  trial. 

<u  £     ]c 

00  1 

0-,    2       C 

t*    ~u    ist  trial. 

OC 
N  O    G^  N   ^  ^O^O   fOQO  2C  O  w>  w^'O  GO   O    C^       N  w">  ro  C^  N 
CO  O  OO   10  t-*  C1*  CN^O   t^.^0   t^-  O>X)   t^rOONTT       OO^O^f^-       3O. 

Description  in  this 
bulletin,  p  

N    N                                                                                                                                                     N 

Description  in  bul- 
letin No.  4,  p.  .  . 

S^^S^SS^SSSS^ft'ft'ft  :^^SSSS^>  : 

-i 

.   c 

I 

"f 
in 

•    :    U 

1  1|  3|  sfilll'll  3|  |  e|  3  Sllgl  § 

0 

3 

:::::::::::::•::::::::::: 

*T3                  zr 

.    *       .       .  A.    JJ       I       I       .       •       •       •    fl        

•g'-'JJecccccu'''-        

lijjiftS'l'l&f  ?||  :  ::::::::::  :j 

l)bJOt/J<"<nO«uj«5(nMt«'^CCCD         o     CT 

|1I1|I11111H|||I    lll|||2 

ftSJ5obooQi3a5^55a5w55»SwWW3     OEEEffiWO  ! 

...                          ;  o  r^oo   ON  Q  «  M  ro  •>*•  LOO  t--X   ON  O  «  N  f)  ^  \n\o  r^x   ON  O    i 

•     Plat.                  ONCNO^ONOooooooooo«-••-«---  -i 

1890.] 


EXPERMENTS    WITH    SSVKK.I     CORN,    1889. 


287 


TAHLE   (iivixr,   A    SUMMARY    OF   THE  TESTS  OF   GERMINABIUTY   OF  SEED   SWEET 
CORN  FROM  LEADING  SEEDSMEN. 


Seedsmen. 

First  trial, 
greenhouse. 

Second    trial, 
greenhouse. 

In  field. 

No.  of 
varieties. 

Per  cent, 
germinated. 

No.  of 
varieties. 

Per  cent, 
germinated. 

I? 

ft'O 

•ji  "•• 

Per  cent, 
germinated. 

Station  .  .    

13 
9 

3 

i 
i 
i 
4 

2 

3 
25 
i 
i 
3 
4 
5 
ii 
8 

I 

i 

i 
i 

95-53 
93-33 
9°  33 
84 
84 
84 
83-75 
79 
78.33 
78-36 
78 
77 
74.66 

73-75 
73 
72-54 
72-37 
70  6 

68-37 
66 
62 
44 

13 
9 
3 
i 

i 
i 
4 

2 

3 
24 
i 
i 
3 
4 
5 
ii 
8 

8 
i 

i 
i 

96.15 
90.66 
90 

93 
82 

87 

75-75 
77 
73 
79-5 
65 
42 
72 

75-75 
74.6 

67-54 
7025 
72.2 
63.12 

72 

^ 
65 

13 
9 
3 
i 
i 
i 
4 

2 

3 

25 
i 
i 
3 
5 
5 
ii 
8 

8 

i 
i 

I5'1 
63-37 

6975 
61-33 
6633 

5733 
47*6 

37-33 
51-33 
48.74 
40 

20 
3633 

54-73 
49-8 
45-3 
40.04 
39-86 
44.87 
33-66 
29 
37-66 

Haskell.          .  .                

Ferry  

U.  S.  Dep't  Agriculture  

Iowa  Seed  Co.           

Leonard  

Storrs  &  Harrison  

Cowan..                       

Bridgemaii  ..                     ....              .... 

Vaughan        

Faust.                     

Vandercook  

Barnard    .    .              

Gregory                  

Dreer  

Landretti  

Hallock    

Wilson  

Salzer           .          .      .        

Currie  Bros  

Henderson  

Cole  &  Bro  

THOS.  J.  BURRILL,  A.  M.,  PH.  D., 

Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 

G.  W.  MCCLUER,  B.  S., 

Assistant  Horticulturist. 


All  communications  intended  for  the  Station  should  be  addressed, 
not  to  any  person,  but  to  the 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION,  CHAMPAIGN,  ILLINOIS. 

The   bulletins  of  the   Experiment  Station  will   be   sent   free  of  all 
charges  to  persons  engaged  in  farming  who  may  request  that  they  be  sent. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW, 

Acting  President  Board  of  Direction. 


288  BULLETIN  NO.  8.  [February,  1890. 


ORGANIZATION. 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF  TH  E   LMVEFS1TY  CF  ILLll^OIS. 

ALEXANDER  McLEAN,  Macomb,  President. 
JOSEPH  W.   FIFER,  Governor  of  Illinois. 
GEORGE  S.  HASKELL,  Rockford,  President  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

RICHARD  EDWARDS,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

S.  M.  M1LLARD.  Highland  Park.  GEORGE  R.  SHAWHAN,  Urbana. 

CHARLES  BENNETT,  Mattoon.  W.  W.  CLEMENS,  Marion. 

OLIVER  A.   HARKER,  Carbondale.  FRANCIS  M.  McKAY,  Chicago. 

EMORY  COBB,  Kankakee.  SAMUEL  A.  BULLARD,  Springfield. 


BOARD  OF  DIRECTION  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

SELIM  H.  PEABODY,  LL.  D.,  Champaign,  Regent  of  the  University,  President. 

E.  E.  CHESTER,  Champaign,  of  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 
HENRY  M.  DUNLAP,   Savoy,  of  State  Horticultural  Society. 
H.  B.  CURLER,  DeKalb,  of  State  Dairymen's  Association. 
EMORY  COBB,  Kankakee,  Trustee  of  the  University. 
CHARLES  BENNETT,  Mattoon,  Trustee  of  the  University. 
GEORGE  S.   HASKELL,   Rockford,  Trustee  of  the  University. 
GEORGE  E.   MORROW,  A.  M.,  Champaign,  Professor  of  Agriculture. 
THOMAS  J.   BURRILL,  Ph.  D.,  Urbana,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Horticulture 


THE   STATION  STAFF. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  A.  M.,  Agriculturist. 
THOMAS  J.   BURRILL.  Ph.   D.,  Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 
DONALD  McINTOSH,  D.  V.  S.,  Veterinarian. 
THOMAS  F.   HUNT,  B.  S.,  Assistant  Agriculturist. 
GEORGE  W.  McCLUER,  B.  S.,  Assistant]Horticulturist. 
EDWARD  H.  FARRINGTON,  M.  S.,  Assistant  Chemist. 

WILLIAM  L.  PILLSBURY,  A.  M.,   Jhampaign,  Secretary. 


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